II SEMESTER B.C.A. / B.SC. ENGLISH SOLVED QUESTION
PAPER ADDITIONAL ENGLISH-THE CUTTING EDGE- REPEATER -DEGREE EXAMINATION, SEPTMBER/
OCTOBER – 2022
II
Semester B. Sc/ B.C.A. Degree Examination, September/ October-2022
Additional
English
The
Cutting Edge
(Repeater)
Time:
3 Hours Maximum Marks: 80
Instructions to Candidates: 1. Attempt all questions
2. Write in legible hand writing
I.
Answer the following in a word, a phrase, or a sentence each. (10x1=10)
1.
Who was Rene Descartes?
Ans: French
Mathematician, Scientist, and Philosopher who is often called the “Father of
Modern Philosophy”.
2.
Name the Queen who was under the tutelage of Rene Descartes.
Ans: Queen
Christina of Sweden
3.
Who is known as father of modern chemistry?
Ans: Antoine
Lavoisier
4.
What is the Greek word for five from which phlogiston came?
Ans: Burning up
5.
Which animal did Pavlov choose for his experiments?
Ans: Dog
6.
Which was the birthplace of Ivan Pavlov?
Ans: Ryazan,
Russia
7.
Who wrote the book “Interpretation of Dreams?
Ans: Sigmund Freud
8.
How were the patients of hysteria treated by Joseph Breuer?
Ans: Joseph put
patients into a hypnotic trance. Then, he questioned her about her feelings,
rather than commanding her to overcome illness.
9.
Which university did Heisenberg succeed Einstein?
Ans: University of
Copenhagen.
10.
Who proposed quantum theory before Heisenberg?
Ans: Max Planck
II.
Answer each of the following in two or three sentences: (5x2=10)
a.
What was the new approach of Heisenberg to the quantum theory?
Ans:
The uncertainty principle, also
known as Heisenberg's indeterminacy principle, is a fundamental concept in
quantum mechanics. It states that there is a limit to the precision with which
certain pairs of physical properties, such as position and momentum, can be
simultaneously known.
b.
Mention the terms used by Freud to describe the three parts of human mind.
Ans:
Sigmund Freud
divided human consciousness into three levels of awareness: the conscious,
preconscious, and unconscious. Each of these levels corresponds to and overlaps
with Freud's ideas of the id, ego, and superego.
c.
What different stimuli were used by Pavlov other than the buzzer?
Ans: Ringing of
the bell, the sound of a tuning fork
d.
What were the reasons for the death of Descartes?
Ans: Contracted
Pneumonia
e.
Why was Lavoisier fortunate?
Ans:
Lavoisier was
fortunate in having made his contributions to the chemical revolution
before the disruptions of political revolution. Lavoisier used part of the
fortune he had inherited from his mother to buy a share in the Ferme
Générale.
III.
A) Explain the combustion experiments done before Lavoisier and his
contribution to its revolution conclusions. (1x10=10)
Ans: Combustion
Before Lavoisier: The Phlogiston Theory Prior to Lavoisier's work, the prevailing explanation for combustion was
the phlogiston theory. This theory, developed by Georg Stahl in the 17th
century, proposed that all flammable materials contained a substance called
phlogiston. When a material burned, it released phlogiston into the air, and
upon losing phlogiston, the material was left behind as ash or calx (metal
oxides).
Experiments before Lavoisier often focused on:Observing weight changes: Scientists noted that
some materials like metals increased in weight when they burned. However, the
phlogiston theory explained this away by suggesting phlogiston had negative
weight, so its loss resulted in a net gain. The role of air: It was known that
burning required air, and some experiments even trapped air after combustion.
However, the role of air within the phlogiston theory remained unclear.
Lavoisier's Revolutionary Experiments Lavoisier's genius lay in his meticulous quantitative experiments and
his rejection of explanations that couldn't be reconciled with his
observations. Here's how he revolutionized the understanding of combustion:
Closed vessels: Lavoisier conducted experiments in sealed containers,
ensuring no exchange of matter with the surroundings.
Weight changes: He precisely measured the weight of reactants (burning
material and air) and products (ash or calx). Notably, he observed that the
total weight remained constant during combustion within the closed vessel. This
directly contradicted the phlogiston theory's explanation of weight changes.
Role of air: Lavoisier showed that the volume of air inside the sealed
container decreased during combustion. He further demonstrated that heating the
calx (metal oxide) with charcoal (a source of phlogiston according to the
theory) could regenerate the metal and release air identical to the air used in
combustion.
Lavoisier's New Theory and Legacy
Lavoisier's work led him to propose a new theory of combustion:
Combustion involves air: He identified a specific component of air,
later named oxygen by Joseph Priestley, as essential for combustion.
Burning is a reaction with oxygen: Burning materials combine with oxygen
from the air, and the increase in weight observed in some cases is due to the
combination with oxygen, not the loss of phlogiston. Lavoisier's work not only
revolutionized the understanding of combustion but also laid the foundation for
modern chemistry. His emphasis on quantitative experiments, meticulous
record-keeping, and the rejection of untestable theories paved the way for a rigorous
scientific approach to studying chemical reactions.
(Or)
B)
Summarize the contribution of Rene Descartes to the field of Geometry and
philosophy.
Ans:
René
Descartes left a lasting mark on both geometry and philosophy. Here's a summary
of his key contributions:
Geometry:
Father of Analytic Geometry: Descartes is credited with
founding Analytic Geometry. This revolutionary approach bridged the gap between
algebra and geometry. Cartesian Coordinate System: He introduced the
now-ubiquitous Cartesian coordinate system, which uses axes and coordinates to
represent geometric shapes algebraically. This allowed solving geometrical
problems using algebraic equations and vice versa. Philosophy:
Methodological Skepticism:
Descartes emphasized methodical doubt as a starting point for knowledge
acquisition. He questioned everything he could, seeking unshakeable foundations
for knowledge.
Cogito, Ergo Sum ("I think, therefore I
am"): Through his method of doubt, he arrived at his famous proposition
"Cogito, ergo sum," which translates to "I think, therefore I
am." This established the existence of the thinking self as the foundation
for certain knowledge.
Dualism: Descartes proposed a
mind-body dualism, separating the immaterial mind (thinking substance) from the
physical body (extended substance).
Descartes' contributions significantly impacted the
development of mathematics and philosophy. His work on analytic geometry
provided a powerful new tool for mathematicians, while his philosophical ideas
sparked debates and advancements in our understanding of knowledge, mind, and reality.
IV.
A) Discuss the methods of Ivan Pavlov used in his experiments to analyse
conditional reflexes. (1x10=10)
Ans: Ivan Pavlov's
experiments on conditional reflexes, also known as classical conditioning, were
groundbreaking in understanding how learning occurs. Here's a breakdown of his
methods:
Subjects and Environment: Dogs: Pavlov
primarily used dogs in his experiments. They were chosen because of their
natural salivary reflex in response to food.
Surgical Procedures (Optional): In some
experiments, Pavlov surgically created fistulas (openings) in the dogs'
salivary ducts to measure saliva flow more precisely. However, many experiments
relied simply on observing the dogs' natural salivation.
Controlled Environment: The
experiments took place in soundproof chambers to minimize distractions and
ensure the dogs primarily responded to the stimuli presented by Pavlov.
Stimuli and Responses:
Unconditioned Stimulus (US) and Unconditioned
Response (UR): Pavlov presented an unconditioned stimulus (US),
like food, which naturally elicited an unconditioned response (UR), salivation
in this case.
Conditioned Stimulus (CS) and Conditioned
Response (CR): He then paired a neutral stimulus (initially
irrelevant to food), like a bell, with the US (food) repeatedly. After several
pairings, the previously neutral stimulus, now called the conditioned stimulus
(CS), began to elicit a conditioned response (CR) of salivation on its own,
even without the presence of food.
Key Techniques:
Pairing and Repetition: The core
method relied on repeatedly pairing the CS with the US until the CS alone could
trigger the CR.
Timing: Pavlov meticulously
controlled the timing between the CS and US presentations to establish a strong
association between them.
Extinction: Once a conditioned reflex
was established, Pavlov would sometimes stop presenting the US after the CS.
Over time, the CR (salivation) would weaken and eventually disappear, a
phenomenon known as extinction.
Spontaneous Recovery: Interestingly,
Pavlov observed that even after extinction, presenting the CS alone could
sometimes elicit a weak CR again after some time. This is called spontaneous
recovery.
Generalization and Differentiation: Pavlov also
explored how conditioned responses could generalize to similar stimuli (e.g.,
salivating to different tones after being conditioned to a bell) and how they
could be differentiated through selective reinforcement (rewarding the desired
response and ignoring others).
Overall, Pavlov's methods were meticulous and controlled, allowing him
to isolate the effects of specific stimuli and responses in conditioning. His work provided a foundation for our
understanding of how learning occurs through associations and has had a lasting
impact on psychology and related fields.
(OR)
B)
Discuss the history and development of psychoanalysis with reference to the
life of Freud and his achievements.
Ans: The Birth of Psychoanalysis: Freud's Life and Achievements Sigmund
Freud (1856-1939) is the name synonymous with psychoanalysis. His life and work
are intricately woven into the history and development of this influential
school of thought.
Early Life and
Influences: Trained as a
neurologist, Freud's early interest lay in the physical causes of mental
illness. However, his collaboration with Josef Breuer on treating patients with
hysteria marked a turning point. Breuer's "talking cure," where
patients expressed repressed emotions, sparked Freud's curiosity about the
power of the unconscious mind.
The Unconscious and
Psychoanalysis: Freud's
groundbreaking concept of the unconscious mind emerged. He theorized that
thoughts, memories, and desires could be hidden from conscious awareness but
still influence behavior. This led to the development of psychoanalysis, a
therapeutic technique to access and understand these unconscious forces.
Key Techniques and
Theories:
Free Association: Freud developed free association, where patients say whatever
comes to mind, no matter how strange or embarrassing, to unveil unconscious
thoughts and memories.
Dream Analysis: Dreams were seen as the "royal road to the
unconscious," offering symbolic clues to hidden desires and conflicts.
Freud interpreted dream content to uncover unconscious material.
Psychosexual Development: Freud's controversial theory of psychosexual development proposed
that early childhood experiences, particularly around sexuality, have a
profound impact on personality development. Oedipus complex, a central concept,
described a child's unconscious desire for the opposite-sex parent and rivalry
with the same-sex parent.
Achievements and Impact:
Freud's work revolutionized the understanding of the human psyche.
He challenged the Victorian-era view of mental illness solely as a physical
issue and emphasized the role of psychological factors. Psychoanalysis became a
dominant force in early 20th-century psychology. Freud's influence extended
beyond psychology, impacting art, literature, and culture with his ideas on the
unconscious, dreams, and human nature.
Criticisms and Developments:
Freud's theories were not without criticism. His emphasis on
sexuality, particularly in childhood development, was highly controversial.
Additionally, the lack of empirical evidence to support many of his claims drew
criticism. Psychoanalysis itself has undergone significant revisions and
splintered into various schools of thought. However, it paved the way for
modern psychotherapy by introducing the importance of the unconscious mind and
the therapeutic value of exploring inner experiences.
Freud's life and work marked a
turning point in our understanding of the human mind. While psychoanalysis has evolved and faced criticism, its
influence on psychology and our understanding of human behavior remains
undeniable.
V.
Write short notes on any two of the following. (2x5=10)
1.
Development of quantum theory by Heisenberg.
Ans:
Heisenberg revolutionized
quantum theory with matrix mechanics. He focused on measurable properties (like
position or momentum) and used matrices to represent them. This led to the
famous uncertainty principle: the more precisely you know one property (e.g.,
position) of a quantum particle, the less you can know about another (e.g.,
momentum). His work, alongside Schrödinger's wave mechanics, laid the
groundwork for our modern understanding of the quantum world.
2.
The Association of Freud and Breuer.
Ans: Freud and
Breuer's collaboration was a key moment in the birth of psychoanalysis.
Working Together: In the late
19th century, Sigmund Freud and Josef Breuer treated patients with hysteria
(unexplained physical symptoms with psychological causes).
Breuer's
"Talking Cure": Breuer observed that
patients improved after expressing repressed emotions during hypnosis. This
"talking cure" sparked Freud's interest in the unconscious mind.
Freud and the
Unconscious: Freud built upon Breuer's work, developing the
concept of the unconscious mind and psychoanalysis as a therapy to access and
understand it.
A Splitting of
Paths: Freud's emphasis on sexuality in his theories
differed from Breuer's views, leading them to eventually part ways.
Impact: Despite their disagreement, their collaboration planted the seeds for
psychoanalysis, a major influence on psychology.
3.
Descartes ideas on universe.
Ans: Descartes had
some radical ideas about the universe that challenged traditional thinking:
Dualism: He proposed a
mind-body dualism. The universe consisted of two fundamentally different
substances: thinking, immaterial minds (res cogitans) and extended, physical
matter (res extensa).
Mechanical Universe: The physical
universe was a giant, well-oiled machine operating according to mechanical
laws.
Rejection of Final Causes: Unlike past philosophies that saw purpose or "final causes"
in nature, Descartes believed explanations came from matter and motion.
These ideas
paved the way for modern science by:
Separating mind
and matter: This allowed
science to focus on the physical universe without needing to consider purpose.
Mathematical
explanations: By viewing the
universe as a machine, science could use mathematics to understand its
workings.
However, his
mind-body dualism remains a philosophical debate to this day.
4.
Lavoisier’s contributions to chemistry.
Ans: Lavoisier,
often called the "father of modern chemistry," made significant
contributions that revolutionized the field.
Disproved the Phlogiston Theory: He overthrew
the prevailing theory that burning involved a substance called phlogiston.
Through experiments, he showed that combustion involved reaction with oxygen
from the air.
Law of Conservation of Mass: Lavoisier's meticulous experiments demonstrated that in a closed
system, the total mass of reactants equals the total mass of products during a
chemical reaction.
Oxygen and Hydrogen: He identified
and named oxygen, a crucial element for combustion and respiration. He also
recognized hydrogen as an element.
Chemical Nomenclature: Lavoisier co-authored a systematic approach to naming chemical
compounds, laying the foundation for the modern system we use today.
These contributions brought about a more quantitative and accurate
understanding of chemical reactions, paving the way for modern chemistry.
VI.
A. Combine each of the following sentences into one to make it a relative
clause. (5x1=5)
1.
She is a dancer. She dances on classical themes.
Ans: She is a
dancer who dances on classical themes.
2.
This is the house. The house has made history by its beauty.
Ans: This is the
house that has made history by its beauty.
3.
We were in London last week. He met us in London.
Ans: We were in
Londan last week where he met us.
4.
This is the city. There are famous monuments in the city.
Ans: This is the
city which boats famous monuments.
5.
He stays in this bungalow. He visits this place.
Ans: He stays in
this bungalow which he also visits frequently.
B.
Complete the following conditional clauses with proper forms of verbs given in
the brackets. (5x1=5)
1.
If they ……………. here, they
……………. tell you (be, will)
Ans: If they were here, they would
tell you.
2. Unless you……………. early, you…………….
the train (start, will miss)
Ans: Unless you start early, you will
miss the train.
3. If you ……………. enough money, you…………….
a car (have, can buy)
Ans: If you have enough money, you can
buy a car.
4. Unless someone……………. her, she…………….
able to do it. (help, won’t be)
Ans: Unless someone helps her, she won’t
be able to do it.
5. If the weather……………. nice,
we…………….to the beach (be, can go)
Ans: If the weather is nice, we can
go to the beach.
VII. Make sentences of the following
words showing them as different parts of speech
(5x2=10)
i) Fair:
Ans: Noun: He visited a fair yesterday.
Adverb: She sings fairly well.
ii)
Promise:
Ans: Noun: She
made a promise to visit her grandparents’ house.
Verb: Raju
promised his mother to work regularly.
iii)
Judge:
Ans: Noun: The
Judge listen carefully arguments of the verdict.
Verb: He judged
harshly based on her appearance alone.
iv)
Train:
Ans: Noun: We
caught 8 am train yesterday
Verb: The coach is
training the team for upcoming championship.
v)
Drive:
Ans: Verb: She
drives to work daily.
Adjective: She has
a strong drive to help others in need.
VIII.
Write a report on the damage caused by heavy rain in your city to be published
in the local newspaper. (1x10=10)
Ans: Heavy Rain Wreaks Havoc in Vijayapura: Homes Damaged,
Normal Life Disrupted Vijayapura, Karnataka - May 4, 2024:
Incessant heavy rain lashed Vijayapura over the past two days, causing
significant damage to property and disrupting normal life for residents.
According to reports, the Muddebihal taluk received the highest rainfall of
65mm, leading to flash floods and overflowing streams.
Widespread Damage to
Property: The downpour resulted in
waterlogging in many low-lying areas, causing houses to be inundated. Reports
indicate that several homes, particularly in Muddebihal, have sustained damage
to walls, roofs, and electrical systems. The Deputy Commissioner has not yet
confirmed the exact number of affected houses, but initial assessments suggest
scores of families have been impacted.
