CHAPTER 8
SCIENCE AND HOPE OF
SURVIVAL
KARNATAKA CLASS 10 ENGLISH
SOLUTIONS PROSE
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1) Science and Hope of Survival is the prose written by
_____
a. Kellis Borok
b. Willian
c. Satish Gujral
d. Wordsworth
Ans: a. Kellis Borok
2) Leo Tolstoy was a _____ writer
a. Indian
b. Russian
c. American
d. English
Ans: b. Russian
3) ‘War and Peace’ was a novel written by ______
a. Kellis Borok
b. Gandhiji
c. Premchand
d. Leo Tolstoy
Ans: d. Leo Tolstoy
4) It was 1960, the height of the _____
a. war
b. battle
c. cold war
d. combatment
Ans: c. cold war
5) If you are so clever, why are you so poor? Was _____
expression
a. General
b. Special
c. Popular
d. Poitical
Ans: c. Popular
6) Science is a _____ adventure.
a. ideal
b. exciting
c. interesting
d. open
Ans: d. open
7) The author of the lesson doing his research on the
theory of ____
a. Science
b. War
c. Mysteries
d. Seismic Waves
Ans: d. Seismic Waves
8) The ______ came from the President of the Russian
Academy of Sciences.
a. Call
b. Summons
c. News
d. Invitation
Ans: a. Call
9) The technical experts from the Soviet Union ______ and
the United Kingdom
a. India
b. Russia
c. United States
d. Geneva
Ans: d. United States
10) At that time, every man lived under the threat of
_____
a. annihilation
b. war
c. cold war
d. Earthquake
Ans: a. annihilation
11) _____ strikes ensuring the destruction of their
enemies only a few minutes later.
a. Threat
b. Iron Curtain
c. Retaliation
d. Fatal Fate
Ans: c. Retaliation
12) “MAD” means
a. Muting Against Destruction
b. Mutual Advise Done
c. Members Against Deed
d. Mutually Assured Destruction
Ans: d. Mutually Assured Destruction
13) The problem is”: how can the other powers detect the
_____
a crime
b. fetal fete
c. violation
d. tremors
Ans: c. violation
14) What saved us was a clear and obvious ____
a distinction
b. record
c. fete
d. research
Ans: a. distinction
15) One of the most important decisions of their times
____
a. Nuclear Bomb
b. Nuclear Test Ban
c. Nuclear Weapon
d. Nuclear research
Ans: b. Nuclear Test Ban
16) While there is ______ there is the hope of Survival
and well – being for all of us
a. Support
b. Cooperation
c. Science
d. hope
Ans: b. Cooperation
17) ______ the most practical people in the world
a. Politicians
b. Scientists
c. Doctors
d. Engineers
Ans: b. Scientists
18) People trained in theoretical physics are _____ by
financial institutions
a. supported
b. serviced
c. headhunted
d. appointed
Ans: c. headhunted
19) One of the man-made disasters are _____ destruction
of megacities
a. Nuclear Bomb
b. Self- inflicted
c. Bombs
d. Cold – war
Ans: a. Nuclear Bomb
20) The hope and the responsibility for breaking the
______ rest not only on the money, but on intellectual resources
a. agreement
b. oath
c. stalemate
d. order
Ans: c. stalemate
21) Nobody is satisfied with his wealth, everybody is
satisfied with his _____
a. work
b. status
c. wisdom
d. power
Ans: c. wisdom
22) “Ours is the time of contest over issues not completely
understood” by
a. scientists
b. Me George Bundy
c. F. Press
d. Kellis Borok
Ans: b. Mc. George Bundy
23) Scientific research is a _____ venture
a. exciting
b. interesting
c. engineering
d. important
Ans: a. exciting
24) Only the basic research can create a _____ for
developing new disaster prepared! less industry
a. challenge
b. problem
c. solution
d. springboard
Ans: d. spring board
25) Science is their _____ guardian and caretaker
a. responsible
b. real
c. indispensable
d. ideal
Ans: c. indispensable
1) a. If you are
so clever, why are you so poor?
The professional addressed as ‘you’ in the statement above refers more than
others to a _______
(Fill in the blank choosing the best form in the alternative below)
i) scientist
ii) lawyer
iii) doctor
iv) businessman
The professionals addressed as ‘you’ in the statement is
Ans: i) Scientist
2) Read paragraph (1) and (2) carefully, and fill in the
blanks in the columns below:
Answer:
|
Professionals |
A writer |
A scientist |
A lawyer |
|
Vocation |
Writing |
Experiment research |
arguing. |
|
Field of activity |
Literature |
discovery |
Justice |
|
Reward |
Appreciation |
honor |
Money |
3) A few words are
given below. Some of them are related to the field of business, and some are to
the field of science. Maybe a couple of them related to both. Read, discuss and
fill them in columns A, B and C accordingly.
Ans: Wealth, profit and loss, friendship, rational
thinking, advertisement, exploring nature, exploitation of nature, discover,
commerce, research, playing to popular sentiments, universality.
|
Field of science |
Field of business |
Both |
|
rational thinking exploring nature discovery, research universality |
wealth Profit and loss, advertisement exploitation
of nature Commerce, playing to popular sentiments |
friendship |
4) The writer says, “I found myself in Geneva”. It
expresses, more than anything else, the writer’s _____ (Choose the right option
and fill in the blank)
i) pleasure
ii) surprise
iii) anxiety
iv) annoyance
Ans: The writer says “I found myself in
Geneva”. It expresses, more than anything else, the writer’s surprise.
5) A few statements are made below. Read them and say
which of them are true or false according to the text Tick Yes / No
accordingly.
i) The war was going on between the US and the USSR when the Geneva meeting was
called Yes/No
Ans: No
ii) Everyone lived under the fear of annihilation by
nuclear weapons. Yes/No
Ans: Yes
iii) In the nuclear wai; the first who strikes will be
the survivor. Yes/No.
Ans: No
iv) The three superpowers were willing to put a ban on
nuclear weapon tests. Yes/No.
Ans: Yes
6) Earth tremors are caused by two factors. One is the
earthquake. What is the other factor?
Ans: The other factor is the Nuclear Test.
7) Which of the following qualities helped the scientists
to come up with a solution to the problem? Which of them did not? Put right (✓) or (×) wrong in the boxes accordingly.
Ans:
self – assessment
[ ✓ ]
self – praise
[ × ]
popularity
[ × ]
experience
[ ✓ ]
self – discipline
[ ✓ ]
respect for evidence [ ✓ ]
8) What was the important decision that the politicians
took before Geneva Summit?
Ans: The important decision that the
politicians took before the Geneva summit was “Nuclear Test Ban”.
9) “Immersion in science does not go with common sense”,
suggests _______
i) foolishness of scientists
ii) absent-mindedness of scientists
iii) that scientists do not bother about the results of their work
(Complete die sentence with the right choice)
Ans: ii) absent-mindedness of scientists.
10) With whose help can the world be ready with
preparedness to face the challenges that the natural calamities pose?
Ans: With Scientist’s help, the world is
ready with preparedness to face the challenges that the natural calamities
pose.
11) Write at least the names of three subjects that come
under the category of basic science.
Ans: The three subjects that come under the
category of basic science are Physics, Chemistry, and Mathematics.
12) Who can best ensure our safety in the world?
Ans: Scientists with their tools that are up
to the challenge and can ensure our safety in the world.
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS IN 2-3 SENTENCES EACH:
1) In addition to
war, what other man-made disasters are cited by the author?
Ans: A massive release of radioactivity from
nuclear waste disposal and an outburst of mass violence are cited by the author
as man-made disasters.
2) What did the
writer learn from his experience in Geneva?
Ans: The Geneva meeting showed the writer an
important truth. As a scientist, he was never alone, because there were people
all over the world who thought and worked like him. This gave him confidence
and comfort, even when he was far from home. Most importantly, the lesson he
carried with him was that as long as science exists, there is always hope—for
survival, peace, and the well-being of everyone.
3) How did the
threat of mutually assured destruction protect the world?
Ans: During the Cold War, each superpower had
enough nuclear bombs to wipe out the other. If one country launched a missile,
the enemy would know right away and strike back with its own. In the end, both
sides would destroy each other. This fear of “mutually assured destruction”
was, for many years, the only fragile safeguard stopping the world from total
ruin.
4) Why did the scientists meet at Geneva?
OR
‘Technical experts were summoned to solve the problem that arose’. What was the
problem?
OR
Why did technical experts from the nuclear power nations meet in Geneva?
Ans: The scientists gathered at Geneva to talk about the
danger of nuclear weapons. The problem was that an earthquake looked very
similar to the tremor from a nuclear explosion. This made it hard to find out
if any country broke the treaty. To solve this, experts from the Soviet Union,
the United States, and the United Kingdom—three nations with nuclear
weapons—met to give their ideas and suggestions.
5) Why does
Keilis-Borok feel that science is the indispensable guardian and caretaker of
humanity? Support the statement with examples.
Ans: Keilis-Borok believes that basic
scientific research is the key to building new ways of preparing for disasters.
Science is neither the beginning nor the end, but when used wisely, it acts as
a true protector and caretaker of humanity. Today, mankind faces dangers from
both natural disasters like tsunamis and man-made ones like terrorism. Money
alone cannot solve these problems. Only science can provide the real solutions.
That is why the author strongly concludes that science is the true hope for
human survival.
6) “Science is our
indispensable guardian and caretaker”. Support this statement with a few
examples which illustrate the writer’s stand.
Ans: Science is our true protector because it
helps us move forward safely with time. When countries promise not to carry out
nuclear explosions, only science can find out if they are keeping their word by
telling the difference between earthquake tremors and nuclear blasts. Science
also gives us new energy sources, discovers new minerals, and provides better
ways to defend ourselves from terrorism.
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS IN 5-6 / 8-10 SENTENCES
EACH:
1) When the author
compares writers and scientists, what does he want to achieve?
Ans: By comparing a writer and a scientist,
the author wants to highlight the degree of involvement these two professionals
have with their work. Though writers and scientists don’t have much in common
as far as their work is concerned, the author brings them together for
comparison because their attitude to their work is the same. Just as a writer
writes because he cannot live without writing, a scientist experiments because
he is passionate about the joy of discovery.
2) Which are the
natural and man-made disasters that threaten our civilization?
OR
What are the commonly recognized threats for the survival of our civilization?
Ans: The very survival of our civilization is
threatened by natural and man-made disasters. Among them are earthquakes,
self-inflicted destruction of megacities, environmental catastrophes, economic
and social crises. Today, a massive release of radioactivity from a nuclear
waste disposal, an earthquake in the middle of a megalopolis, an outburst of
mass violence, or any other global disaster, can cause up to a million of
casualties, render large part of our world uninhabitable, trigger global
economic depression, or a war in a ‘hot’ region.
THINK ABOUT THE TEXT
1) The pursuit of
science is an exciting adventure. Do you agree? Can you compare this with other
types of adventure like the pursuit of sports? Share your views with your
friends.
Ans: Yes, the pursuit of science is an exciting
adventure. When you take up a scientific venture, you do so without knowing
what the outcome is going to be. You can be in for trouble too. However, as in
the case of an adventure, in the case of science to the final outcome, if it is
what you wanted to achieve, gives you immense joy. However, in the field of
science, unlike sports or other adventures, the outcome is directed at the
welfare of common people.
2) Which sentence in the text suggest that the author was
involved more in the theoretical research than in its application to the
Warcraft?
Ans: The sentence in the text suggests that
the author was involved more in the theoretical research than in its
application to the Warcraft was in the 3rd para. i.e., “I did not give much
thought to how it connects with the real life”.
3) “A paradox may
refer to a person, a thing or a situation that has two opposite features and
therefore seems strange”. In light of this definition, how is ‘MAD’ a paradox?
Ans: The acronym MAD means Mutually Assured Destruction.
It’s paradoxical because nations amass nuclear weapons with the argument that
it’s for self-defense. But if they use them by any chance it will lead to their
destruction because the enemies will use their weapons as well and since the
weapons have the capacity to destroy whole nations, the whole world may get
annihilated.
4) What was the
‘problem’ that the nuclear powers had faced? Was it a violation of the
agreement or was it the detection of violation? Explain briefly.
Ans: The problem faced by the nuclear powers
was the possibility of breach of trust. Supposing nations sign a treaty banning
nuclear explosions, and if one or the other nation breaks the bond, how would
the other nations know about it. Thus the problem is both the violation of the
agreement and the detection of it.
5) Why were the technical experts summoned by the three
superpowers?
Ans: The three superpowers had enough nuclear
bombs to destroy others. If anyone of them used, it would take only 20 minutes
to reach their targets, but other side had plenty of time to reverse action
against their enemy. So the three superpowers were willing to come to an
agreement to solve the problem. Hence they summoned the technical experts.
6) In which area
did Kellis Brooks theoretical knowledge has a direct application?
Ans: Keilis-Borok was doing research on the theory
of seismic waves – tremors generated by an earthquake. Since underground
nuclear explosions produced earth tremors very similar to those generated by
earthquakes, it turned out that his knowledge of seismic waves had a direct
application in the field of nuclear weapons or underground nuclear explosions.
7) “Iron Curtain”
is referred to as a barrier. It was outwardly difficult for the opposite sides
of the iron curtain to find out the solution for the problem of violation of
the agreement. What was the reason?
Ans: Iron curtain was a barrier. It was difficult for the
opposite sides to find out the solution. Because of the cold war continued, the
political tensions were hanging over. The scientists gave up their differences
and worked together irrespective of their nationality.
8) How are
scientists able to work in spite of political and cultural differences?
Ans: According to the author, scientists
should give up their cultural differences and work hard for the benefit of the
whole of mankind. Scientists were able to work, based on respect to hard
evidence known to be true something and they were skillful.
9) Make a list of lessons that the writer learned at the
Geneva Summit.
Ans: The following are the important points
that the writer had learned from the Geneva Summit as follows:
As a Scientist, the author had people like
him all over the world who could think and interact as the author.
At abroad he need not feel lonely.
Science gives hope of survival and well being
for the whole of mankind.
10) Give a few examples which illustrate the writer’s
stand that scientists are the most practical people in the world.
Ans:
The writer places before the readers a number of examples
from technology, industry, defence and entertainment to show that the scientists
are the most practical people in the world. He says that all new technologies,
all new brands of industry from defence to entertainment stem from fundamental
research. Antibiotics, electronics, biotechnology, synthetic fibres, the green
revolution, and genetic forensic diagnosis are all taken by the writer as
examples of scientists being practical.
11) Who will be
headhunted by financial institutions and pharmaceutical industries? Why?
Ans: The people who trained in theoretical physics are
headhunted by financial institutions. Those who trained in frontiers of
biological research become founders and directors in the pharmaceutical
industry.
12) Some statements are given below. Why or why not are
they true?
a) Money is more powerful than intellectual
resources.
b) Intellectual resources help the survival of mankind.
c) Basic research is a way of stalling disasters.
Ans: a) Money is more important than
intellectual resources – False
There is no assurance that money can buy everything. In fact many problems are
created by money. But intellectual resources, of which science is the most
significant, can improve the quality of life.
b) Intellectual resources help the survival
of mankind – True
It is because of the intellectual resources that we have combated many
diseases. Though man is not the fittest among all the creations of God, he is
able to ensure his safety against the other powerful creatures of nature
because of his intellectual resources. Basic research can help our survival by
giving us new sources of energy and new mineral deposits. Basic research can
also protect us against terrorism.
c) Basic research is a way of stalling
disasters – True
Meteorologists study the ecological changes and forewarn people about natural
disasters like earthquakes, tsunamis, storms etc. People can be evacuated from
the area posed with danger.
13) Imagine that
you and some of your classmates have been selected to represent India in a
meeting of scientists to be held in Russia to discuss the nuclear test. How
would you all prepare for the meeting? Discuss among yourselves and write a
paragraph about your proposed argument in the meeting.
Ans: self-assessment.
Read the following extracts and answer the
questions given below them:
1) “If you are so clever, why are you so poor?”
a) Who is the person referred to as ‘you’ and ‘clever’?
b) What does the writer intend to show with this statement?
Ans: a) The person referred to as ‘you’ and
‘clever’ is the scientist.
b) The writer intends to show that although scientists are very wise, their
wisdom does not generally help them in generating wealth. That is, scientists
are generally wise but not wealthy.
2) This episode taught me that as a scientist I have
people all over the world who think and interact the way I do.
a) Who are the ‘people’ being referred to?
b) Which episode is being spoken about?
c) How does the world benefit from scientists who think alike?
Ans: a) The ‘people’ being referred to are
scientists.
b) The episode is the atmosphere of the cold war in which scientists from
opposite sides had to come to an understanding to promote world peace and
prevent the use of nuclear weapons.
c) The world has the hope of survival. Scientists will have the common goal of
preventing the use of nuclear weapons, irrespective of the nations they are.
3) “My theoretical knowledge had a direct application in
the area of survival of humankind”.
a) In which field did the author, Borok, have theoretical knowledge?
b) How would it have a direct application in the area of survival of humankind?
c) How would the author’s theoretical knowledge be helpful?
Ans: a) The author was doing research on
seismic waves and had theoretical knowledge in this field.
b) Underground nuclear explosions produced
earth tremors like those generated by earthquakes. With this knowledge, the
author would know the difference between the two. This would help in checking
the violation of the Nuclear Test Ban agreement.
c) The author’s theoretical knowledge would
be helpful in detecting the violation of the nuclear test ban agreement.
ENRICH YOUR VOCABULARY:
Task : Following the example given above, Fill in the
blanks with correct collocations (an appropriate combination of words) choosing
from those given.
The Government sanctioned a few crores of rupees to build a stadium in our
town. The builders made rapid progress with
the stadium. While the work was in progress, unfortunately, a boulder rolled
down on a worker and he was injured. Immediately, he was rushed to a nearby
hospital. I wished him a speedy recovery.
The Government took swift action against
the builders. The builders made prompt payment of
the bills of the hospital
(a speedy recovery, a prompt payment, a swift action,
rapid progress)
Task : Match the words in the box on the left with the
words that they collocate with on the right Note some words are shown in the
box A may collocate with more than one word in box B. After matching, frame
appropriate sentences. You may follow the given examples.
1. Sunder’s joke drew hilarious laughter from the audience.
2. Amit raised certain doubts about
the decisions of the meeting.
3. Madhu committed the crime yesterday.
4. Ranga laid the carpets parallel to the
dais in the hall.
5. The Joker made many gestures of
goodwill in the show.
6. The two boys combated with little violence.
7. The children raised their doubts and asked with the neighbors.
8. We draw money from the bank whenever necessary.
9. Make up our mind to put emphasis on good habits.
LISTEN AND COMPREHEND
On 18 May 1974, India exploded its first nuclear device
code-named Operation Smiling Buddha. After about a quarter-century on 11 May
1998, Operation Shakti was carried out. Shakti was the code name of the
thermonuclear device that was exploded in Pokhran as part of Pokhran II.
Pokhran served as a test site. A total of five nuclear devices were detonated
during Operation Shakti. Measurements confirmed that there was no release of
radioactivity.
Task 1: The teacher reads the passage. Listen to the
teacher carefully and fill in the table as the teacher reads the passage.
Code name of first nuclear device
: Operation Smiling Buddha 18th May 1974
Shakti
Date of explosion
: 18th
May 1974
Code name of Pokhran II
: Shakti
Test site : Pokhran
Number of nuclear weapons detonated : 5
Type of device
: Thermonuclear
SPEAK WELL
READ AND RESPOND
Task -1: Read the
given story. The bits of the story are jumbled, you can arrange them in the
right order to complete the story. You can also give a suitable title to it.
1. “Your candle has burned out, brother,”
replied the stranger.
2. “I do not need a lantern,” he said. “Darkness or light is all the same to
me”.
3. The blind man started off with the lantern and before he had walked far,
someone ran into him. “Look out where you are going” he exclaimed to the
stranger, “can’t you see the lantern”?
4. In early times in Japan, bamboo and paper lanterns
were made with candles inside. A blind man, visiting a friend one night, was
offered a lantern to carry home with him.
5. “I know you do not need a lantern to find your way,” his friend replied.
“But if you don’t have one, someone else may run into you. So, you must take
it.”
LEARN GRAMMAR THROUGH COMMUNICATION
Task : Read the conversation between two business
partners and complete the passage by choosing the appropriate word/ words given
below.
Jane: Good morning, Robert.
Robert: Very good morning, Jane.
Jane: Let’s not waste our time. Shall we begin?
Robert: Sure. I’m rather glad you raised the subject.
Complete the paragraph that follows using the given
choices appropriately.
Jane and Robert exchanged pleasantries. Jane was eager to
get straight into the business. She asked him . Robert accepted and _____ that
______ glad as she _____the subject told her had raised if they should begin
their talks he was Jane and Robert exchanged pleasantries.
Jane was eager to get into the business. She
asked him if they should beein their talks.
Robert accepted and told her that
he was glad as she had raised the subject.
Task – 3 : Read what happened in a camera
shop between the owner, Henry and a customer, Arathi.
Henry: Here’s a nice camera.
Arathi: oh, it’s beautiful!
Henry: That’s a little expensive.
Arathi: How much is it?
Henry: It’s 175 dollars.
Arathi: I think this one will be fine.
Henry showed Arathi a nice camera. She
_____ it was beautiful. Henry ______ the camera was a bit costly. Later,
she _____ about its price to which he _____ 175 dollars. Finally, Arathi
decided to buy it.
a. remarked that
b. wanted to know
c. replied that it was
d. admired it saying that
Henry showed Arathi a nice camera. She admired it savins that it
was beautiful. Henry replied that the
camera was a bit costly. Later, she wanted to know about
its price to which he remarked 175
dollars. Finally, Arathi decided to buy it.
Task : Read the conversation between two old school
friends and write it in a paragraph in the reported form.
Chandan: I met Rani last week in Mysore.
Raghu: Oh. Does she look the same?
Chandan: There is a little bit of change in her appearance. But, She remains
the same.
Raghu: What’s She doing now?
Chandan: She works for a private company.
Begin with
Chandan told Raghu _________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
Chaiidan told Raghu that he met Rani last week in Mysore. Raghu asked that she
was looked the same as before. Chandan replied that there were some little bit
of changes in her appearance but she remained as before. Raghu enquired what
was she doing! Chandan said that she was working in a private company.
MAKE REFERENCE
i. Information on nuclear weapons –
Encyclopedia.
ii Pronunciation of the word “exemplification” – Dictionary.
iii. Synonym of the word, “natural’ – Thesaurus.
iv. The place where first nuclear bombs exploded – Encyclopedia.
v. Variations of the word “inspire” – Dictionary.
vi. To know the spellings of the word, “approximately” – Dictionary.
vii To collect the information about the things that the scientists need for
their research – Encyclopedia
viii. To find out the phrase that means, “to continue” – Thesaurus.
Science and Hope of Survival Additional
Questions and Answers
GIVE ONE WORD
1) Russian writer, author of the novel ‘War and Peace’.
Ans: Leo Tolstoy
2) A feeling of friendship when people work together.
Ans: Camaraderie
3) A move to a more important position.
Ans: Promotion
4) A great effect on you that you feel very happy.
Ans: Overwhelming
5) One of the best educators on human nature.
Ans: F. Press
6) Unfriendly relationship between the US and the Soviet
Union after the Second World war.
Ans: The Cold War
7) Something that people do not know anything about it.
Ans: Mystery
8) Complete destruction.
Ans: Annihilation
9) Action against someone who has done something bad to
you.
Ans: Retaliation
10) Making you feel that something bad is going to
happen.
Ans: Ominous
11) A word made from the first letters of the name of any
organization, e.g. MAD
Ans: Acronym
12) A state that continues to live or exist.
Ans: Survival
13) The name for the socio-political border that was
believed to exist between Western Europe and the communist countries of central
and Eastern Europe.
Ans: Iron Curtain
14) Continuing to exist or happen.
Ans: Persistent
15) The act of Judging one’s own behavior or character.
Ans: Self-Criticism
16) The knowledge or information about a subject.
Ans: Lore
17) Being absorbed in an activity.
Ans: Immersion
18) The most basic or important parts of something.
Ans: Fundamental
19) Of the scientific method of finding out about the
crime.
Ans: Forensic
20) An act to find people with the right skills – or
experience for a particular job.
Ans: Headhunt
21) To cause pain or problem for oneself.
Ans: Self – inflict
22) To make something happen very quickly.
Ans: Trigger
23) The number equal to one lakh crores.
Ans: Trillion
24) A situation in which it seems impossible to come to
an agreement or disagreement.
Ans: Stalemate
25) Something that helps one to start doing something.
Ans: Springboard
26) A new activity that involves risk.
Ans: Venture
27) Very useful and necessary
Ans: Indispensable
28) He was United States National Security Advisor to
Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson.
Ans: Me. George Bundy
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