2nd
PUC ENGLISH WORKBOOK ANSWERS STREAMS NOTE MAKING
C.
NOTE MAKING
Note making is a useful
study skill. This involves two stages:
1) Reading and
comprehending.
2) Identifying the main /
sub points keeping the purpose of the reading in mind.
We shall look at two
formats for making notes.
EXERCISE:
Read
the following passage and the notes below it:
Soil is your garden’s natural medium, so it’s vital for
the health and successful growth of your plants and crops that you keep it well
maintained. Soil is basically rock that’s been ground down by the effects of
the weather over a long period of time and made fertile by decayed organic
matter (derived from dead insects and leaves). There are hundreds of different
soil types, but they can broadly be classified as sandy, loamy or clay,
referring to their basic texture. It is texture that affects the drainage,
aeration and nutrient content of the soil and you may have to take steps to
improve on this in certain types of soil. Take a handful of soil and run a
small amount between your forefinger and thumb. Although all soils contain
varying proportions of sand, silt and clay, you’ll readily be able to tell the
difference between the main types.
Sandy soil feels gritty when dry and even its wet
particles will stick together. Loamy, on the other hand, can be moulded in the
hand when moist, but the particles aren’t at all sticky and gritty and are
fairly loose when dry. Clay soil is sticky and smooth when wet, but becomes
polished when rubbed and baked hard when dry.
1)
Soil- garden’s natural growth medicine
a)
Formed by ground rock
b)
Made fertile by decayed organic matter.
2)
Texture:
a)
Classification
i) Sandy
ii) Loamy
iii) Clay
b)
Effect on:
i) Drainage
ii) Aeration
iii)
Nutrient content
3)
Distinction between soil types:
a)
When dry i) Sandy –
feels gritty
ii)
Loamy – Fairly loose
iii)
Clay – polished when rubbed and baked hard
PASSAGE I
The
defense mechanism of the human body is a gift of nature provided to human
beings. The power of our body to fight against disease-producing agents is
known as defensive mechanism and it depends upon various factors which can be
categorized mainly into two types: common factors and special factors.
Amongst the common
factors, the most important is the health of human beings. We all know that if
we have good health, our body automatically remains protected against diseases.
For keeping good health one should have nutritious balanced diets. A balanced
diet is that which contains carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins in
proportionate amount.
Among the special
factors is the skin of our body which can cause diseases through cuts and
abrasions. Therefore, a cut or an abrasion should never be left open. In case
there is no bandage, or medicine available, it may be covered with a clean
cloth.
The above passage – I can be diagrammatically
expressed in several ways depending on the needs of the user.
Look at the following two notes of the above
passage and complete them by filling in the blank boxes. Try to express the
passage diagrammatically in your own way.
Ans: I. A.
Read the following passages and make notes by filling in the boxes.
PASSAGE
– A
Washoe, a female chimpanzee who was the first non-human
to learn human sign language, passed away on October 30th 2007 at
the ripe old age of 42.
Washoe was born in Africa in September 1965. She was
caught in the wild and at 10 months was taken by biologists Allen and Beatrice
Gardener. As part of a research experiment to teach human language to animals,
they launched a new project with Washoe as the candidate.
Chimpanzees were chosen for this study because they are
intelligent and social animals. However, a major disadvantage with a chimp is
that it does not possess vocal apparatus that would allow the production of
human speech. But as chimps use their hands a lot in their natural habitat,
scientists decided to use this innate trait in their training. So the project
was to teach Washoe to use the American Sign Language. ASL is the widely used
sign language of the deaf community in North America.
The Gardeners treated Washoe like a hearing-impaired
human infant. Helpers communicated with Washoe by using ASL, rather than with
the spoken voice. The first ‘word’ that Washoe ‘said’ by using ASL, rather than
with a sign was ‘tooth brush’. And in the first six years she learned
approximately 150 signs. At the time of her death it was reported that Washoe
could reliably use 350 signs. In addition to individual signs, Washoe displayed
the ability to combine signs in novel and meaningful ways. For example, she
referred to her toilet as ‘Dirty Good’ and the refrigerator as ‘Open Food
Drink!”
Roger Fouts, the caretaker of Washoe was interested in
finding out if chimpanzees were capable of ‘transmitting’ sign languages to
their offspring. Because Washoe did not have an offspring, Fouts arranged for
Washoe to adopt a male infant name Loulis. After a short adjustment period the
experimenters observed Washoe signing ‘Come baby’ to Loulis made his first
sign. In time he learnt to use more signs and thus became the first animal to
acquire a human language from a non-human. To convince skeptics, Fouts released
a video- tape of the chimpanzee-to-chimpanzee communication through signs.
Ans: Passage – A
PASSAGE
- B
The coffee plant , an evergreen shrub or a small tree of African
origin, begins to produce fruit 3 or 4 years after being planted. The fruit is
hand gathered when it is fully ripe and reddish purple in colour. The ripened
fruits of the coffee shrubs are processed to separate the coffee seeds from
their covering and form the pulp. Two different techniques are in use a wet
process and a dry process.
The
wet process: First the fresh fruit is pulped by a pulping
machine. Some pulp still clings to the coffee, however and this residue is
removed by fermentation in tanks. The few remaining traces of pulp are then
removed by washing. The coffee seeds are then dried to a moisture content of
about 12 percent either by exposure to the sun or by hot air driers. If dried
in the sun, they must be turned by hand several times a day for even drying.
The
dry process: In the
dry process the fruits are immediately placed to dry either in the sun or in
hot air driers. Considerably more time and equipment is needed for drying than
in the wet process. Then the seeds mechanically freed from their coverings.
Ans: Passage – B
PASSAGE – C
Aborigines are brown skinned people who live in parts of
Australia. Not closely related to any known race, they number only about fifty
thousand. With wiry hair and deep set eyes, these primitive people live in
small tribal groups in the drier lands of north and north east Australia.
An aborigine needs little more than food which he gets
through hunting and food gathering in his own wide territory. He eats roots,
grubs, seeds and even caterpillars ground into flour; he may also eat
kangaroos, crocodiles, porpoises and dudongs. For hunting, he carries clubs,
stone axes, and the famous weapon – the boomerang, which is used to knock down
birds. He also fishes for food.
The house that the aborigines live in is called a wurley.
It usually consists of two forked sticks and a crossbar, with strips of bark
laid against it. They build such dwelling places only when necessary and leave
them when their tribe moves to the next place. Inside or outside the wurley
they make fire by twirling a pointed stick into a piece of dry wood and they
cook their food by it on hot ashes.
The aborigines may be a backward people but they are
known for two things their extraordinary sight and their ability to find water
either by studying animal or bird movements, or by seeking water bearing roots.
Experts at reading the ground, they have also been known to help the police in
tracking down animals and finding lost children.
Ans: Passage - C
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NOTE PAD
PHYSICAL FEATURES Brown-skinned
FOOD HABITS Eat
roots, arubs. seeds, caterpillars around into flour.
PLACE OF DWELLING Wurlev
– two forked sticks and a crossbar with strips of bark laid against it. |
