EVERYTHING I NEED TO KNOW I LEARNED IN THE FOREST
Vanadana
Shiva
Comprehension I
1) Trace the childhood experiences that
shaped the author’s interest in ecology.
Ans: The childhood experiences that shaped the author’s interest in
ecology: Vandana Shiva's dad was a conservator of forests in the Himalaya
district. This suggests that she lived and was raised in forest environmental
factors. Consequently she pronounces that whatever she thinks about ecology was
found out from the Himalayan woods and eco-system. Her mom was a farmer and she
used to create tunes and poems about trees, forests and India's forest
civilizations. Subsequently, her parents and their profession without a doubt
formed the creator's advantage in ecology.
2) How does the scarcity of water, fodder and
fuel affect women?
Ans: The scarcity of water, fodder and fuel affect women specifically in
light of the fact that they need to walk significant distances for gathering
water and kindling which is very oppressive. The heartless chopping down of
trees brings about nourishments, avalanches, shortage of water, feed for cows
and fuel.
3) What features of the ‘Chipko’ movement
does the author highlight?
Ans: Chipko activity occurred in the Himalayan town of Adwani in 1977. A
woman led the obstruction against her own better half, who had obtained a
contract to cut trees. She fought with lit lamps in splendid sunshine. The features
of Chipko development are that it was a peaceful reaction to the enormous scope
deforestation like doing padayatras, reporting the deforestation, and crafted
by the – woods activists, embracing the trees to keep them from being chopped
down.
4) The real value of the forest for women was
a) timber from dead trees.
b) source of basic needs.
c) springs and streams.
Ans: (b, c) source of basic needs/springs and streams.
5) List the activities that Vandana undertook
after her involvement with the ‘Chipko Movement’.
Ans: The activities that Vandana undertook after her involvement with
the ‘Chipko Movement’: she spent each excursion doing padayatras, archiving the
deforestation, and crafted by the forest activists. She spread the message of
the Chipko movement and made mindfulness in the individuals about the
estimation of forests. She put accentuation on organic farming.
6) The conservation of biodiversity in
agriculture leads to
a) Increase in the quantity of food
production.
b) A developing variety of food grains.
c) More quality food and higher nutrition.
Ans: c) more quality food and higher nutrition.
7) Why is it important to change the
fossil-fuel and chemical-based monoculture?
Ans: It is important to change the fossil-fuel and chemical-based
monoculture because it impoverishes nature and culture.
8) What prompted the UN to initiate a
discussion on the rights of Mother Earth?
Ans: The Constitution of Ecuador in which were documented the rights of
nature and the Universal Declaration of the Rights of Mother Earth commenced by
Bolivia prompted the UN General Assembly to organize a conference so as to
initiate a discussion on the rights of Mother Earth.
9) The conference organized by the UN General
Assembly aimed at transforming the domination of
a) People over nature.
b) Men over women.
c) Rich over the poor.
d) all of the above.
Ans: d) All of the above.
10) What, according to the author, is
eco-apartheid? Why is it necessary to end this?
Ans: Holding the illusion in our minds and lives that people are
separate from nature is eco-apartheid according to the author. It is necessary
to end this because it prompts disharmony with nature lastly to viciousness
against nature and individuals. So, individuals begin abusing nature and
sustain violence against themselves.
11) Which event in human history marked the
beginning of the separation of humans from nature?
Ans: The industrial revolution which was facilitated by the belief that
Earth was dead matter marked the beginning of the separation of humans from
nature.
12) Where, according to Vandana Shiva, did
her ecological journey start?
Ans: Vandana Shiva starter her ecological journey in the forests of the
Himalaya.
13) What is the Chipko movement, according to
Vandana Shiva?
Ans: According to Vandana Shiva, Chipko movement is a non-violent
response led by peasant women to the large-scale deforestation that was taking
place in the Himalayan region.
14) According to the women of Garhwal, ‘the
real value of forests’ was
a) Timber from a dead tree
b) Springs and streams
c) Fodder and fuel.
Ans: b) springs and streams.
15) What was the real value of forests,
according to the women of Garhwal?
Ans: The real value of forests was not the timber from a dead tree, but
the springs and streams, food for their cattle, and fuel for their hearths, according
to the women of Garhwal.
16) Name the woman who led the resistance
against cutting down of trees in the village of Adwani.
Ans: Bachni Devi was the woman who led the resistance against cutting
down of trees in the village of Adwani.
17) Mention any one of the things produced by
forests, according to the forester.
Ans: Resin, and timber produced by forests according to the forester.
18) Name Vandana Shiva’s book mentioned in
the essay.
Ans: ‘Monocultures of the Mind’ was the name of Vandana Shiva’s book
mentioned in the essay.
19) What is at the root of the impoverishment
of nature?
Ans: The root of the impoverishment of nature is failure to understand
biodiversity.
20) What is the Navdanya movement?
Ans: A movement for biodiversity conservation and organic farming is
Navdanya movement.
21) In which year was the Navdanya movement
started?
Ans: In the year 1987 was the Navdanya movement started.
22) Which country has recognized the ‘Rights
of Nature’ in its Constitution?
Ans: Ecuador has recognized the ‘Rights of Nature’ in its Constitution.
23) What has Ecuador, according to Vandana
Shiva, recognized in its Constitution?
Ans: Ecuador has the ‘Rights of Nature’ according to Vandana Shiva,
recognized in its Constitution.
24) Name the country that has initiated the
Universal Declaration of the Rights of Mother Earth.
Ans: Bolivia is the country that has initiated the Universal Declaration
of the Rights of Mother Earth.
25) Whom does Vandana Shiva refer to as the
father of modern science?
Ans: Vandana Shiva refers Francis Bacon as the father of modern science.
26) What does the Earth University teach?
Ans: Earth University teaches Earth Democracy.
27) Who is the inspiration behind the Earth
University started by Vandana Shiva?
Ans: Rabindranath Tagore is the inspiration behind the Earth University
started by Vandana Shiva.
28) Where did Rabindranath Tagore start a
learning centre?
Ans: Rabindranath Tagore started a learning centre in Shantiniketan in
West Bengal.
29) Why did Rabindranath Tagore start a
learning centre in Shantiniketan?
Ans: A forest school, both to take inspiration from Nature and to create
an Indian cultural renaissance. So, Rabindranath Tagore started a learning
centre in Shantiniketan.
30) Where, according to Vandana Shiva, should
we look for ‘lessons in freedom’?
Ans: We should turn to nature and the forest for lessons in freedom
according to Vandana Shiva.
31) In Tagore’s writings, what do the forests
symbolize?
Ans: The forests symbolize the universe in Tagore’s writings.
32) According to Vandana Shiva, what values
do the forests teach us?
Ans: According to Vandana Shiva, diversity, freedom and coexistence are
values the forests teach us.
33) What is the root cause of disharmony with
nature and violence against nature and people?
Ans: Separatism is the root cause of disharmony with nature and violence
against nature and people.
34) What feature of the Chipko movement does
the author highlight?
Ans: The author highlights the role of peasant women and the non-violent
nature of the Chipko movement.
35) What does ‘Terra Madre’ mean?
Ans: Mother Earth means ‘Terra Madre’.
36) What has replaced bio-diversity,
according to Vandana Shiva?
Ans: Monocultures have replaced bio-diversity according to Vandana
Shiva.
37) Where, according to Vandana Shiva, did
one of the dramatic Chipko actions take place?
Ans: According to Vandana Shiva, one of the dramatic Chipko actions took
place in the Himalayan village of Adwani in 1977.
VANDANA SHIVA
KEY POINTS:
·
Chipko Movement and Nonviolent Resistance: The Chipko Movement was a
grassroots effort led by peasant women in the Himalayan region. They protected
forests from being cut down by hugging trees to stop loggers from chopping them
down, using nonviolent resistance to save the environment.
·
Biodiversity and Living Economies: Biodiversity is essential for
supporting ecosystems and people’s livelihoods. Protecting and understanding it
is crucial for sustainable farming and maintaining the balance of nature.
·
Monocultures vs. Biodiversity: Monocultures, driven by industrial
interests and profits, harm ecosystems and reduce the richness of nature. In
contrast, biodiversity ensures long-term sustainability and abundance for both
nature and humans.
·
Navdanya and Seed Conservation: Navdanya, founded by Vandana Shiva,
promotes the conservation of biodiversity and organic farming. It helps farmers
move away from harmful chemical-based monocultures toward more sustainable and
diverse farming practices.
·
Rights of Nature: Nature should be seen as having its own rights.
Countries like Ecuador and initiatives like the Universal Declaration of the
Rights of Mother Earth support this idea, which helps promote ecological
balance and harmony.
·
Eco-Apartheid and Separatism: Eco-apartheid refers to the mistaken
belief that humans are separate from nature. This false notion has led to the
destruction of the environment. Overcoming this belief is key to achieving
ecological balance.
·
Earth Democracy: This concept involves shifting our mindset from
focusing only on human needs to considering the needs of the Earth as a whole.
It advocates for the rights of all species and ecosystems to live and thrive
together.
·
Forest as a Teacher: Forests symbolize diversity, cooperation, and
sufficiency. They teach us how to live in harmony with nature, maintain equity,
and sustain ourselves, showing us the importance of balancing consumption and
restraint.
·
Connection between Nature and Culture: Nature, especially forests, has
been a source of knowledge, beauty, and joy. This connection has influenced
cultural evolution. A healthy relationship with nature fosters intellectual and
societal growth.
·
Critique of Industrialization and Modern Science: Modern science,
especially ideas promoted by figures like Francis Bacon, shifted the view of
nature from a nurturing force to something that can be exploited. This change
has led to environmental damage.
·
Sustainability and Cooperative Living: Forests show us how different
species live together in cooperation. Human societies should adopt these
principles, living sustainably and rejecting consumerism and greed.
·
Learning from Traditional Knowledge: Ancient texts and traditional
wisdom, often inspired by nature, encourage living in moderation, coexisting
with other species, and avoiding the overuse of natural resources.
·
Global Ecological Crises: The environmental problems we face today are
the result of globalization, consumerism, and the exploitation of nature. To
solve these crises, we must return to ecological principles.
·
Freedom through Nature: Nature, especially forests, gives us freedom by
teaching interdependence and the joy of life beyond material wealth. It helps
us live sustainably and find happiness in simpler things.
Answer the following questions in two or three sentences each. 2 Marks
1) What was the Chipko Movement?
Ans: The Chipko Movement was a peaceful protest where people, especially
women, hugged trees to prevent them from being cut down in the forests of the
Himalayas. It was a way to protect the environment through nonviolent action.
2) Why are forests important to the people living in the Himalayas?
Ans: Forests are vital for people in the Himalayas because they provide
water, food for animals, and wood for cooking and building. These resources are
necessary for their everyday lives.
3) What did Vandana Shiva learn from the forest?
Ans: Vandana Shiva learned that forests and nature teach us the
importance of cooperation, sharing, and living in harmony with the environment.
The forest showed her how all living things are interconnected.
4) What is biodiversity, and why is it important?
Ans: Biodiversity refers to the variety of different plants and animals
in a specific area. It is important because it keeps ecosystems healthy, helps
maintain balance in nature, and supports life on Earth.
5) How does the Navdanya movement help farmers?
Ans: The Navdanya movement helps farmers by teaching them how to save
seeds, grow a variety of crops, and practice organic farming. This approach
helps protect the soil, improve crop yields, and reduce the use of harmful
chemicals.
6) What does 'Rights of Nature' mean?
Ans: The "Rights of Nature" means recognizing that nature,
like humans, has the right to exist and be protected. It suggests that nature
should be treated with respect and care, not just as a resource for human use.
7) What lesson does the forest teach about sharing?
Ans: The forest teaches that all living things share resources like
water, sunlight, and soil without taking more than they need. This balance
allows the forest and its inhabitants to thrive and live in harmony.
8)What is Earth Democracy?
Ans: Earth Democracy is the belief that all living things, including
humans, animals, and plants, have the right to live together peacefully. It
promotes respecting the environment and ensuring the well-being of all species.
9) Why did the women in the Chipko Movement hug the trees?
Ans: The women hugged the trees to prevent loggers from cutting them
down. They understood that the forest was crucial for their survival, providing
essential resources like firewood, water, and food for their animals.
10) What problems did deforestation cause in the Himalayan region?
Ans: Deforestation in the Himalayan region led to serious problems like
landslides, floods, and a shortage of water and firewood. It also made it
harder to find food for their animals, threatening the livelihoods of local
people.
11) What is Navdanya, and what does it do?
Ans: Navdanya is a movement started by Vandana Shiva that focuses on
conserving seeds, promoting organic farming, and protecting biodiversity. It
helps farmers practice sustainable agriculture and preserve the environment.
12) What did the women say when the forester asked what forests produce?
Ans: When the forester asked what forests produce, the women answered
that forests produce essential things like soil, water, and clean air. These
are the foundations of life and are more important than timber or profit.
13) How does biodiversity help in farming, according to Vandana Shiva?
Ans: According to Vandana Shiva, biodiversity in farming helps by
providing a variety of crops. This makes farms more resilient, healthier, and
able to produce more nutritious food, ensuring long-term sustainability.
14) Why did Vandana Shiva criticize monocultures?
Ans: Vandana Shiva criticized monocultures because they focus on growing
just one crop, which destroys biodiversity and harms the environment. This
system is often driven by profit and damages ecosystems by reducing the variety
of plants and animals.
15) How did Ecuador recognize the 'Rights of Nature'?
Ans: Ecuador recognized the 'Rights of Nature' by including it in their
constitution. This legal step means that nature has rights to be protected, and
people must consider the environment in decisions that affect it.
16) What did Rabindranath Tagore believe the forest symbolized?
Ans: Rabindranath Tagore believed that the forest symbolized beauty,
harmony, and the source of knowledge. He thought that forests played an
important role in the cultural and intellectual growth of human societies.
17) What is the main idea behind Earth Democracy?
Ans: The main idea of Earth Democracy is that humans should live in
harmony with nature. It promotes the idea that all species and ecosystems have
rights and should be respected, ensuring that all life can coexist and thrive.
Answer the following questions in about 60 words each. 3 Marks
1) Why did the women in the Chipko Movement hug the trees, and what did
they hope to achieve?
Ans: The women hugged the trees to stop loggers from cutting them down.
They wanted to protect the forests, which provided essential resources like
water, firewood, and food. These trees were important for their daily survival.
By hugging the trees, the women hoped to prevent deforestation and raise
awareness about the importance of preserving the environment. Their peaceful
protest showed how much they valued the forests and inspired others to take
action in protecting nature.
2) What did Vandana Shiva learn about the importance of forests during
her visit in 1973?
Ans: During her visit in 1973, Vandana Shiva realized how important
forests are for providing water, food, and protection against environmental
problems like landslides. She was saddened to see the destruction of forests
and the negative impact it had on the land and the people. This experience
motivated her to join the Chipko Movement and fight to save the forests. She
understood that without forests, the environment and the livelihoods of the
people in the region would be in danger.
3) What is the purpose of the Navdanya movement, and how does it help
farmers?
Ans: The Navdanya movement was started to conserve traditional seeds and
promote organic farming. It helps farmers by providing them with diverse seed
varieties and teaching them sustainable farming practices. These methods
improve soil health, protect biodiversity, and reduce the need for harmful
chemicals. Farmers who join the movement are able to grow healthy crops,
improve their income, and protect the environment. Navdanya encourages a return
to traditional, eco-friendly farming methods that benefit both the farmers and
the planet.
4) How does understanding biodiversity help us in farming and protecting
the environment?
Ans: Understanding biodiversity is essential for farming and
environmental protection because it highlights the importance of having
different species of plants and animals in an ecosystem. Biodiversity helps
farms become more productive by creating a natural balance, which reduces the
need for chemical pesticides and fertilizers. A diverse ecosystem also protects
against environmental problems like soil erosion and pests. By supporting
biodiversity, farmers can grow healthier crops, improve food security, and
ensure that the environment remains sustainable for future generations.
5) What does the concept of 'Rights of Nature' mean, and why is it important?
Ans: The concept of 'Rights of Nature' means recognizing that nature,
like humans, has its own rights to exist, thrive, and be protected. This idea
is important because it encourages us to treat the environment with respect and
prevent its exploitation. By giving nature legal rights, we create a system
where the environment is valued not just for its resources but for its inherent
worth. This approach helps protect ecosystems and ensures that future
generations can enjoy clean air, water, and biodiversity.
6) What happened when the women in the Chipko Movement held lanterns
during the day?
Ans: The women in the Chipko Movement held lanterns during the day to
make a powerful statement. This symbolic act showed that they were ready to
protect the forests even in daylight, demonstrating their commitment to the
cause. By holding the lanterns, they also challenged the idea that only experts
and officials knew how to manage the forests. The women believed that their
traditional knowledge and close relationship with the environment made them
equally capable of understanding and protecting nature.
7) Why did Vandana Shiva start the Navdanya movement?
Ans: Vandana Shiva started the Navdanya movement to protect biodiversity
and promote sustainable, organic farming practices. She saw the harmful effects
of chemical-based farming and the loss of traditional seed varieties, which led
her to take action. The movement aimed to support farmers by helping them
conserve seeds, use organic farming methods, and protect the environment.
Navdanya focuses on creating a farming system that is both ecologically
friendly and beneficial for the farmers’ livelihoods, ensuring long-term
sustainability.
8) How did deforestation affect the daily lives of people in the Himalayan
region?
Ans: Deforestation in the Himalayan region had a serious impact on
people’s daily lives. With fewer trees, resources like water, firewood, and
food became scarce, forcing people, especially women, to travel longer
distances to gather what they needed. The loss of forests also caused
environmental problems like landslides and floods, making life even more
difficult for local communities. These issues threatened their livelihoods and
disrupted their traditional way of living, showing how vital forests were to
their survival.
9) What message did the women sing to the forester about what forests
provide?
Ans: The women in the Chipko Movement sang a powerful message to the
forester, reminding him that forests provide essential resources like soil,
water, and clean air. These natural resources are the foundation of life on
Earth, supporting both humans and wildlife. The women wanted the forester to
understand that the forest’s true value goes beyond the timber that could be
sold for profit. They believed that protecting the forests was more important
for the long-term well-being of the environment and their community.
10) Why is the concept of 'Earth Democracy' important for both humans
and nature?
Ans: The concept of 'Earth Democracy' is important because it emphasizes
the idea that humans and nature are interconnected and must coexist in harmony.
It advocates for the rights of all living beings, including plants, animals,
and ecosystems, to have access to essential resources like water, food, and
shelter. Earth Democracy encourages a fair and balanced approach to how we use
and share the Earth’s resources. It helps create a sustainable future where
both humans and nature can thrive together in a healthy, balanced ecosystem.
Answer the following questions in about 100 words. 4 Marks
1.
Trace Vandana Shiva’s childhood experiences
that led to her interest in Ecology.
Ans:
Vandana Shiva's interest in ecology began during her childhood in the Himalayan
region, where she observed the deep connection between people and nature.
Surrounded by forests, she witnessed how the environment provided essential
resources like water, food, and wood. When deforestation started to threaten
these resources, she saw its harmful effects on local communities, including
the increased risk of landslides and loss of livelihood. These experiences,
combined with her education, made her aware of the importance of protecting
nature. She was inspired to advocate for environmental conservation and
sustainable practices, leading to her involvement in movements like Chipko and
the founding of Navdanya.
2.
Write a note on ‘Navdanya Farm’ and
‘Navdanya Movement’.
Ans:
Navdanya Farm, founded by Vandana Shiva in 1994 in the Doon Valley, serves as a
center for biodiversity conservation and organic farming. It demonstrates
sustainable farming techniques and promotes the conservation of traditional
seeds. The Navdanya Movement, which began in 1987, focuses on protecting
biodiversity by preserving indigenous seed varieties and encouraging organic
farming. The movement has helped farmers establish community seed banks and has
conserved over 5,000 rice varieties. Through its efforts, Navdanya educates
farmers on ecological farming methods that enhance soil fertility, improve crop
health, and ensure food security, contributing to both environmental and social
well-being.
3.
Bring out the significance of the rights of
nature as explained by Vandana Shiva in her essay.
Ans:
Vandana Shiva emphasizes the significance of the 'Rights of Nature' by
explaining that recognizing these rights changes our relationship with the
environment. Instead of exploiting nature for profit, we begin to respect its
inherent value. This idea is important because it promotes the protection of
natural resources and ecosystems, ensuring their preservation for future
generations. Vandana Shiva points to Ecuador, where the 'Rights of Nature' have
been included in the constitution, as an example of how legal systems can
protect nature. By granting nature its own rights, societies can foster
ecological sustainability and reduce environmental harm.
4.
What are Cormac Cullinan’s views on
eco-apartheid mentioned by Vandana Shiva in her essay?
Ans:
Cormac Cullinan’s views on eco-apartheid, as discussed by Vandana Shiva,
describe the artificial separation between humans and nature. He compares this
separation to racial apartheid, suggesting that humans treat nature as
something separate from themselves, which justifies environmental exploitation.
Cullinan believes this false divide leads to the destruction of ecosystems, as
humans fail to recognize their dependence on the natural world. Overcoming
eco-apartheid requires acknowledging the interconnectedness of all living
beings and adopting a more holistic view of nature. By doing so, humans can
work towards a more just and sustainable relationship with the environment.
5.
How does the writer bring out the
importance of ‘Earth Democracy’ in ‘Everything I Need to Know I Learned in the
Forest’?
Ans:
In 'Everything I Need to Know I Learned in the Forest,' Vandana Shiva
highlights the importance of 'Earth Democracy' by advocating for the rights of
all living beings to coexist in harmony. She explains that Earth Democracy
shifts our focus from a human-centered (anthropocentric) approach to an
Earth-centered (ecocentric) one, where the needs of all species are respected.
This concept promotes social justice and environmental sustainability, ensuring
that resources like water, food, and air are shared fairly among all species.
Earth Democracy emphasizes cooperation, interdependence, and respect for
nature, reflecting the forest’s lessons of balance and harmony.
6.
What ideas of Tagore inspired Vandana Shiva
to start the Earth University?
Ans:
Rabindranath Tagore’s ideas about learning from nature and fostering a
harmonious relationship with the environment inspired Vandana Shiva to
establish the Earth University. Tagore’s vision of Shantiniketan, where
education was closely connected to nature, resonated with Shiva’s belief that
nature is a powerful teacher. She was particularly influenced by Tagore’s idea
that the forest offers wisdom, creativity, and spiritual growth. The Earth
University was created to educate people about sustainable practices,
biodiversity conservation, and ecological balance, allowing students to learn
from nature and develop a deep respect for the environment, just as Tagore
envisioned.
7.
How does Rabindranath Tagore highlight the
significance of the forest in his essay ‘Tapovan’?
Ans:
In his essay 'Tapovan,' Rabindranath Tagore highlights the forest’s
significance as a place of spiritual and intellectual renewal. He describes how
the peaceful environment of the forest allows individuals to reflect, learn,
and grow. The forest, in Tagore’s view, is not only a source of physical
resources but also a space for creativity and wisdom. It provides an escape
from the stresses of modern life, offering a sanctuary where people can connect
with nature and find inner peace. For Tagore, the forest is a vital part of
human life, nurturing both the body and the mind.
8.
What makes Indian civilization distinctive
according to Tagore? Explain with reference to ‘Everything I Need to Know I
Learned in the Forest’.
Ans:
According to Tagore, Indian civilization is distinctive because it draws deeply
from the lessons of nature, especially the forest. In 'Everything I Need to
Know I Learned in the Forest,' Vandana Shiva refers to Tagore’s belief that the
forest teaches the values of unity in diversity, balance, and harmony. These
principles are reflected in Indian culture, which emphasizes sustainability and
respect for all living beings. Indian civilization’s connection to nature has
shaped its traditions, promoting cooperation, simplicity, and a deep respect
for life. This relationship with the natural world sets Indian civilization
apart as one that values ecological and cultural richness.
9.
‘Biodiversity-based intensive farming is
the answer to the food and nutrition crisis’. Discuss with reference to
‘Everything I Need to Know I Learned in the Forest’.
Ans:
In 'Everything I Need to Know I Learned in the Forest,' Vandana Shiva argues
that biodiversity-based intensive farming offers a solution to the global food
and nutrition crisis. Unlike monoculture farming, which depletes soil and
reduces crop diversity, biodiversity-based farming supports a healthy ecosystem
by growing a variety of crops. This method enhances soil fertility, increases
resilience to pests and diseases, and provides more nutritious food. By
promoting diverse farming systems, such as those practiced at Navdanya, farmers
can produce higher yields while protecting the environment. This approach
ensures food security, improves nutrition, and fosters ecological balance.
10.
‘The end of consumerism and accumulation is
the beginning of the joy of living.’ Discuss in the light of ‘Everything I Need
to Know I Learned in the Forest’.
Ans:
In 'Everything I Need to Know I Learned in the Forest,' Vandana Shiva explains
that true happiness comes from living simply and sharing resources, not from
accumulating wealth or possessions. The forest demonstrates this principle, as
its inhabitants thrive by cooperating and taking only what they need. Shiva
argues that consumerism, driven by greed and excess, leads to environmental
destruction and social inequality. By rejecting consumerism and embracing a
life of simplicity, individuals can experience the joy of living in harmony
with nature. This approach fosters a deeper connection with the environment and
promotes a more sustainable, fulfilling way of life.
11.
‘Conservation of biodiversity sustains both
nature and culture.’ Explain with reference to ‘Everything I Need to Know I
Learned in the Forest’.
Ans:
Vandana Shiva emphasizes that conserving biodiversity is essential for
sustaining both the natural environment and cultural traditions. In 'Everything
I Need to Know I Learned in the Forest,' she explains that biodiversity
supports ecological balance by maintaining a variety of species that contribute
to the health of ecosystems. Additionally, biodiversity is closely linked to
cultural heritage, as traditional farming practices and knowledge are often
rooted in diverse crops and natural resources. By protecting biodiversity, we
not only preserve the environment but also safeguard cultural practices that
have been passed down through generations, ensuring that both nature and
culture thrive together.
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12.
‘The peace of the forest has helped the
evolution of man.’ How does Tagore elaborate this statement in ‘Everything I
Need to Know I Learned in the Forest’?
Ans:
Tagore elaborates on this statement by explaining that the forest, with its
peace and tranquility, provides a space for reflection and personal growth. In
'Everything I Need to Know I Learned in the Forest,' Vandana Shiva draws on
Tagore’s view that the forest nurtures creativity, wisdom, and spiritual
development. The calm environment of the forest allows individuals to connect
with nature and gain a deeper understanding of life’s mysteries. This
connection has played a crucial role in human evolution, fostering intellectual
and cultural development. Tagore believed that the forest’s peace offers a
unique opportunity for humans to evolve both mentally and spiritually.
Comprehension II
* Write a note on Earth University mentioned in Vandana Shiva's essay.
OR
* How according to Vandana Shiva has Tagore brought out the role of forest in Indian civilization?
Ans: Vandana Shiva recommends for Earth University inspired by Rabindranath Tagore. Tagore had started a learning centre in Shanthiniketan, as a forest school, to take inspiration from nature and to create an Indian cultural renaissance in India. His school became a university growing into one of the most famous learning centers of India. Man needs to discover the source of moral and spiritual regeneration from nature. He must learn the lessons which are imparted by the nature which inspires, motivates, enchants and enthralls man. Forests are the source of bliss. There is unity and reach of life in nature. There is revival and rejuvenation in the forest life. The nature demonstrates pluralism which became the principle of Indian civilization. Diversity has inherent principle of unity in it. It teaches enough less as a principle of equity and how to enjoy the gifts of nature without accumulation and exploitation. The end of consumerism and accumulation is the beginning of the joy of living which man has to discover in his relationship.
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* 'The Earth University teaches Earth Democracy.' Explain with reference to Vandana Shiva's essay 'Everything I need to Know I Learned in the Forest'.
Ans: The Earth University, the brainchild of Vandana Shiva, is located at Navadanya farm, a biodiversity farm in the lower elevation of Himalayan region of Uttarkhand province in the Doon Valley. Navadanya farm was started in 1994. Globalization has intensified multiple crisis in the present world. Hence we need to develop a saner outlook and attitude to consider nature as the best teacher. The Earth University teaches 'Earth Democracy'. It is a freedom for all species to evolve within web of life. Human beings have to accept freedom and responsibility to be the members of the Earth's family and to recognize, to protect and do respect the rights of other species. It is a shift from Anthropocentrism to Eco-centrism. Earth Democracy translates human rights to food and water to freedom from hunger and thirst. All the participants of Earth University including teachers, farmers and people from across the world, learn to work with living seeds, living soil and the web of life. It advocates organic farming and learning to live in harmony. Man understands that this earth is gift of God and it belongs to all species, Earth Democracy teaches the principle of co-operation, harmony and live and let live as the law of life.
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* Write a note on bio-diversity?
OR
* Explain Vandana Shiva's efforts to conserve biodiversity in the Navdanya farm.
OR
* Write a note on the activities of Navadanya farm.
Ans: Vandana Shiva learnt about diversity in Himalayan forests and applied it to the protection of bio-diversity in farms. She started saving seeds from farmer's fields. She realized the importance of demonstration and training of the farmers. She knew that the failure to understand bio-diversity which is the root of the improvement of nature and culture. Thus, in 1994 she started 'Navadanya Farm' in the Doon Valley. She has conserved and grown more than 630 varieties of rice, 150 varieties of wheat and hundreds of other species. Bio-diversity intensive farming produces more food and nutrition per acre. The conservation of bio-diversity is an answer for the food and nutrition crisis in India. 'Navadanya is the movement for bio-diversity conversion and organic farming. She has saved more than 3000 varieties of rice. It has helped farmers to make a transition from fossil fuel and chemical based monocultures to biodiversity based ecological systems.
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* What ideas of Tagore inspired the author to start the Earth Univesity?
Ans: Rabindranath Tagore is India's national poet and a Nobel Laureate. He started a learning centre in Shantiniketan in West Bengal, India as a forest school because forest is a source of knowledge and freedom; it is the source of beauty and joy. It also teaches us unity and compassion. It makes us think the value of nature. Hence Vandana got inspired by all these values of Rabindranath Tagore to start the Earth University.
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* "Conservation of diversity is crucial for the sustenance of both nature and human society". Discuss.
Ans: In the thought provoking essay 'Everything I need to know I Learned in the Forest', Vandana Shiva highlights on how she had learnt the major ideas of a good life from the forests. But looking at it beyond our narrow, human perspective, forests provide habitats to diverse animal species, and they also form the source of livelihood for many different human settlements as well as for the governments.
The author admits that she had learnt the diversity of life forms and the need to accept diversity as the principle of life. She argues for the need to accept the Earth as our Mother Earth and not as raw material to be exploited. Man must learn to live in harmony with nature. She asserts for earth's Democracy by respecting the freedom of all species to live, to evolve together. She accords Tagore's idea that the culture of the forest is the true Indian culture. She asserts how forests teach us the value of diversity, freedom and co-existence.
The author recommends for Earth University, inspired by Tagore. He advocates that we must take inspiration from nature so as to bring cultural renaissance in India. His school became an university growing into one of the Indian's famous centers of learning. We need to discover the source of moral and spiral regeneration from nature. Man must learn from nature. It inspires, motivates, enchants and enthralls man. Forests are the source of bliss. There is unity and renewal of life in nature. There is revival and rejuvenation in the forest life. There is unifying principle of life in diversity. It demonstrates pluralism which became the principle of Indian civilization. Diversity has inherent principle of unity in it. We are united with the forest or nature through our relationship. Diversity without unity becomes the source of contest and conflict. Unity without diversity becomes the ground for external control. Forest teaches enoughness as a principle of equity and how to enjoy the gifts of nature without accumulation and exploitation. The end of consumerism and accumulation is the beginning of the joy of living which man has to discover in his relationship.
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* Describe the 'role of forest' in Vandana Shiva's life as brought out in 'Everything I Need to Know I Learned In The Forest'.
OR
* Describe the concept of Earth University by Vandana Shiva.
Ans: Vandana Shiva recommends for Earth University, inspired by Rabindranath Tagore. He advocates that we must take inspiration from nature so as to bring cultural renaissance in India. His school became an university growing into one of the Indian's famous centers of learning. We need to discover the source of moral and spiral regeneration from nature. Man must learn from nature. It inspires, motivates, enchants and enthralls man. Forests are the source of bliss. There is unity and renewal of life in nature. There is revival and rejuvenation in the forest life. There is unifying principle of life in diversity. It demonstrates pluralism which became the principle of Indian civilization. Diversity has inherent principle of unity in it. We are united with the forest or nature through our relationship. Diversity without unity becomes the source of contest and conflict. Unity without diversity becomes the ground for external control. Forest teaches enoughness as a principle of equity and how to enjoy the gifts of nature without accumulation and exploitation. The end of consumerism and accumulation is the beginning of the joy of living which man has to discover in his relationship.
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* Write a short note on "The Navadanya Farm" with reference to 'Everything I Need to Know I Learned in the Forest'.
OR
* How does Vandana Shiva describe the 'Navadanya Farm'?
Ans: Vandana Shiva learnt about biodiversity in the Himalayan forests, and transferred those lessons learnt to the protection of biodiversity on their farms. She started saving seeds from farmers' fields and then realized they needed a farm for demonstration and training. So, she started "Navadanya Farm" in 1994 in the Doon Valley region of Uttakhand province. She conserved and grew 630 varieties of rice, 150 varieties of wheat and hundreds of other species. Biodiversity also helps to produce more food and nutrition per acre, and reduces malnutrition and improves human health.
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* Write a note on 'Chipko Movement'.
OR
* Write a brief note on 'Chipko Movement' which took place in the Himalayan region.
Ans: The Chipko Movement was a non-violent response to the large scale deforestation like doing padayatras, documenting the deforestation and the work of the forest activists, hugging the trees to prevent them from being cut down. One such Chipko action took place in the Himalayan village of Adwani in 1977. A woman led resistance against her own husband, who had obtained a contract to cut trees. She protested with lighted lanterns in bright day light. She got succeeded in her attempt.
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1) How did the women led by Bachni Devi put
up resistance to the felling of trees? Do you think it was effective?
Ans: Bachni Devi, a village woman in the Himalayan town of Adwani led
the resistance against her own husband, who had acquired an agreement to
cut trees. At the point when authorities showed up at the forests, the ladies
held up lit lamps in wide sunlight. At the point when the forester requested
that they clarify their activity, the ladies disclosed to him that they had
come there to teach them forestry. At the point when the forester answered,
calling them stupid ladies and found out if they knew the genuine estimation of
the forests and found out if they understood what the forests bore, the ladies
countered and sang in ensemble saying that the forests bore soil, water, and
unadulterated air which support the Earth and all she bears. Their showing was
extremely viable on the grounds that, the men society including the forester
accepted that the town ladies were innocent and uninformed, yet despite what
might be expected, they demonstrated that they were very proficient about the
advantages of ranger service.
2) Why is it important to promote
biodiversity-intensive farming? How did the author achieve it?
Ans: It is important to promote bio-diversity intensive farming because it advances vote based pluralism where each species gets occasions to support itself in co-activity with others and no species in a forest appropriates the portion of another species. Since inability to get biodiversity and its numerous capacities prompts an impoverishment of nature and culture, it gets basic to rehearse bio-diversity serious cultivating. The author began Navdanya Farm in 1994 in the Doon Valley where she rehearsed biodiversity-concentrated cultivating. She thinks that bio-variety serious cultivating produces more food and sustenance per section of land and subsequently bio-variety is the response to the food and nourishment emergency. At first, she began saving seeds from ranchers' fields and today they can save and grow 630 assortments of rice, 150 assortments of wheat, and several different species.
3) ‘Rights of Nature’ means
a) The right of people to use nature.
b) The duty of human beings to conserve
nature.
c) Preserving nature for self-protection.
Ans: b) and c) the duty of human beings to conserve nature/ preserving
nature for self-protection.
4) What does the concept of the Earth
University convey? How is this different
from that of the other universities?
Ans: The concept of the Earth University implies opportunity for all
species to advance inside the trap of life, and the opportunity and obligation
of people, as individuals from the Earth family, to perceive, secure, and
regard the privileges of different species. The Earth University situated at
Navdanya, a biodiversity ranch in the Doon Valley of the Himalaya, teaches
Earth Democracy. Earth University is unique in relation to different universities
since it is eco-centric, while different universities are anthropocentric. Eco-centrism
alludes to the arrangement of thought where the attention is on saving the
current eco-system that are expected to ensure and support the trap of life on
the Earth. Actually, different colleges are human-centric. They center on
ensuring and supporting the life of people as it were.
Comprehension III
1) “Tagore saw unity with nature as the
highest stage of human evolution.” Do you think consumerism and accumulation of
wealth come in the way of realizing Tagore’s vision of human evolution?
Ans: Yes, without a doubt consumerism and accumulation of wealth come in
the way of realizing Tagore’s vision of human evolution. Tagore solidly
accepted that Indian progress discovered its wellspring of recovery – both
material and scholarly – in the forests. Tagore was persuaded that India's best
thoughts have come from where the man was in fellowship with trees and
waterways and lakes, away from the groups. The tranquility of the forest has
helped the scholarly advancement of man. The way of life that has emerged from
the forests has been affected by the assorted cycles of restoration of life,
which are consistently influencing everything in the forests, differing from
species to species, from season to prepare, in sight, sound and smell. In this
manner, the bringing together rule of life in variety, of popularity based
pluralism, turned into the rule of Indian human advancement. It is this
solidarity in variety that upholds natural supportability and majority rules
system.
2) “The conservation of biodiversity is the
answer to the food and nutrition crisis.” Do you agree?
Ans: Truly, the conservation of biodiversity is the right step to help
the people overcome the nutrition crisis in light of the fact that bio-diversity
chips away at the worldview of Earth Democracy and democratic pluralism wherein
there is opportunity for all species to develop inside the trap of life. As
individuals from the Earth family, it is the opportunity and duty of people to
perceive, ensure and regard the privileges of different species. This way we
bring into play the standard of value. No species in such an eco-system
appropriates the portion of another species and each species supports itself in
co-operation with others. Also, bio-diversity supports democratic pluralism in
light of the fact that there are assorted cycles of reestablishment of life
consistently impacting everything in regular eco-systems and they change from
species to species and from season to prepare in sight, sound and smell. All
the species live in amazing congruity. In this manner bio-diversity prepares
for enhancement of the trap of life prompting plenitude.
3) “Conservation of biodiversity is crucial
for the sustenance of both nature and human society.” Discuss.
Ans: Bio-diversity guarantees bounty, opportunity, co-activity and
common giving. The Earth houses millions eco-systems and sustains bio-variety.
Tagore contends that the forests have filled in as wellsprings of material and
scholarly recovery since days of yore and the way of life of the forests has
energized the way of life of Indian culture. The way of life that has emerged from
the forests is supported by the binding together rule of life in variety and of
popularity based pluralism. It is this solidarity in variety that is the
premise of both natural maintainability and democracy. This is valid for both
nature and culture. We are joined with nature through our relationship with the
woods. No species in a forest appropriates the portion of another species and
each species supports itself in co-activity with others. This solidarity in
variety found in the forest should fill in as a model for human culture, else,
it will prompt clash, avarice, abuse lastly to the impoverishment of our way of
life. Along these lines, the protection of variety is vital for the food of
both nature and human culture.
