2nd PUC ENGLISH NOTES - EVERYTHING I NEED TO KNOW I LEARNED IN THE FOREST

 

EVERYTHING I NEED TO KNOW I LEARNED IN THE FOREST

 

Vanadana Shiva

Comprehension I

1) Trace the childhood experiences that shaped the author’s interest in ecology.

Ans: The childhood experiences that shaped the author’s interest in ecology: Vandana Shiva's dad was a conservator of forests in the Himalaya district. This suggests that she lived and was raised in forest environmental factors. Consequently she pronounces that whatever she thinks about ecology was found out from the Himalayan woods and eco-system. Her mom was a farmer and she used to create tunes and poems about trees, forests and India's forest civilizations. Subsequently, her parents and their profession without a doubt formed the creator's advantage in ecology.

 

2) How does the scarcity of water, fodder and fuel affect women?

Ans: The scarcity of water, fodder and fuel affect women specifically in light of the fact that they need to walk significant distances for gathering water and kindling which is very oppressive. The heartless chopping down of trees brings about nourishments, avalanches, shortage of water, feed for cows and fuel.

 

3) What features of the ‘Chipko’ movement does the author highlight?

Ans: Chipko activity occurred in the Himalayan town of Adwani in 1977. A woman led the obstruction against her own better half, who had obtained a contract to cut trees. She fought with lit lamps in splendid sunshine. The features of Chipko development are that it was a peaceful reaction to the enormous scope deforestation like doing padayatras, reporting the deforestation, and crafted by the – woods activists, embracing the trees to keep them from being chopped down.

 

4) The real value of the forest for women was

a) timber from dead trees.

b) source of basic needs.

c) springs and streams.

Ans: (b, c) source of basic needs/springs and streams.

 

5) List the activities that Vandana undertook after her involvement with the ‘Chipko Movement’.

Ans: The activities that Vandana undertook after her involvement with the ‘Chipko Movement’: she spent each excursion doing padayatras, archiving the deforestation, and crafted by the forest activists. She spread the message of the Chipko movement and made mindfulness in the individuals about the estimation of forests. She put accentuation on organic farming.

 

6) The conservation of biodiversity in agriculture leads to

a) Increase in the quantity of food production.

b) A developing variety of food grains.

c) More quality food and higher nutrition.

Ans: c) more quality food and higher nutrition.

 

7) Why is it important to change the fossil-fuel and chemical-based monoculture?

Ans: It is important to change the fossil-fuel and chemical-based monoculture because it impoverishes nature and culture.

 

8) What prompted the UN to initiate a discussion on the rights of Mother Earth?

Ans: The Constitution of Ecuador in which were documented the rights of nature and the Universal Declaration of the Rights of Mother Earth commenced by Bolivia prompted the UN General Assembly to organize a conference so as to initiate a discussion on the rights of Mother Earth.

 

9) The conference organized by the UN General Assembly aimed at transforming the domination of

a) People over nature.

b) Men over women.

c) Rich over the poor.

d) all of the above.

Ans: d) All of the above.

 

10) What, according to the author, is eco-apartheid? Why is it necessary to end this?

Ans: Holding the illusion in our minds and lives that people are separate from nature is eco-apartheid according to the author. It is necessary to end this because it prompts disharmony with nature lastly to viciousness against nature and individuals. So, individuals begin abusing nature and sustain violence against themselves.

 

11) Which event in human history marked the beginning of the separation of humans from nature?

Ans: The industrial revolution which was facilitated by the belief that Earth was dead matter marked the beginning of the separation of humans from nature.

 

12) Where, according to Vandana Shiva, did her ecological journey start?

Ans: Vandana Shiva starter her ecological journey in the forests of the Himalaya.

 

13) What is the Chipko movement, according to Vandana Shiva?

Ans: According to Vandana Shiva, Chipko movement is a non-violent response led by peasant women to the large-scale deforestation that was taking place in the Himalayan region.

 

14) According to the women of Garhwal, ‘the real value of forests’ was

a) Timber from a dead tree

b) Springs and streams

c) Fodder and fuel.

Ans: b) springs and streams.

 

15) What was the real value of forests, according to the women of Garhwal?

Ans: The real value of forests was not the timber from a dead tree, but the springs and streams, food for their cattle, and fuel for their hearths, according to the women of Garhwal.

 

16) Name the woman who led the resistance against cutting down of trees in the village of Adwani.

Ans: Bachni Devi was the woman who led the resistance against cutting down of trees in the village of Adwani.

 

17) Mention any one of the things produced by forests, according to the forester.

Ans: Resin, and timber produced by forests according to the forester.

 

18) Name Vandana Shiva’s book mentioned in the essay.

Ans: ‘Monocultures of the Mind’ was the name of Vandana Shiva’s book mentioned in the essay.

 

19) What is at the root of the impoverishment of nature?

Ans: The root of the impoverishment of nature is failure to understand biodiversity.

 

20) What is the Navdanya movement?

Ans: A movement for biodiversity conservation and organic farming is Navdanya movement.

 

21) In which year was the Navdanya movement started?

Ans: In the year 1987 was the Navdanya movement started.

 

22) Which country has recognized the ‘Rights of Nature’ in its Constitution?

Ans: Ecuador has recognized the ‘Rights of Nature’ in its Constitution.

 

23) What has Ecuador, according to Vandana Shiva, recognized in its Constitution?

Ans: Ecuador has the ‘Rights of Nature’ according to Vandana Shiva, recognized in its Constitution.

 

24) Name the country that has initiated the Universal Declaration of the Rights of Mother Earth.

Ans: Bolivia is the country that has initiated the Universal Declaration of the Rights of Mother Earth.

 

25) Whom does Vandana Shiva refer to as the father of modern science?

Ans: Vandana Shiva refers Francis Bacon as the father of modern science.

 

26) What does the Earth University teach?

Ans: Earth University teaches Earth Democracy.

 

27) Who is the inspiration behind the Earth University started by Vandana Shiva?

Ans: Rabindranath Tagore is the inspiration behind the Earth University started by Vandana Shiva.

 

28) Where did Rabindranath Tagore start a learning centre?

Ans: Rabindranath Tagore started a learning centre in Shantiniketan in West Bengal.

 

29) Why did Rabindranath Tagore start a learning centre in Shantiniketan?

Ans: A forest school, both to take inspiration from Nature and to create an Indian cultural renaissance. So, Rabindranath Tagore started a learning centre in Shantiniketan.

 

30) Where, according to Vandana Shiva, should we look for ‘lessons in freedom’?

Ans: We should turn to nature and the forest for lessons in freedom according to Vandana Shiva.

 

31) In Tagore’s writings, what do the forests symbolize?

Ans: The forests symbolize the universe in Tagore’s writings.

 

32) According to Vandana Shiva, what values do the forests teach us?

Ans: According to Vandana Shiva, diversity, freedom and coexistence are values the forests teach us.

 

33) What is the root cause of disharmony with nature and violence against nature and people?

Ans: Separatism is the root cause of disharmony with nature and violence against nature and people.

 

34) What feature of the Chipko movement does the author highlight?

Ans: The author highlights the role of peasant women and the non-violent nature of the Chipko movement.

 

35) What does ‘Terra Madre’ mean?

Ans: Mother Earth means ‘Terra Madre’.

 

36) What has replaced bio-diversity, according to Vandana Shiva?

Ans: Monocultures have replaced bio-diversity according to Vandana Shiva.

 

37) Where, according to Vandana Shiva, did one of the dramatic Chipko actions take place?

Ans: According to Vandana Shiva, one of the dramatic Chipko actions took place in the Himalayan village of Adwani in 1977.

 

Comprehension II

1) How did the women led by Bachni Devi put up resistance to the felling of trees? Do you think it was effective?

Ans: Bachni Devi, a village woman in the Himalayan town of Adwani led the resistance against her own better half, who had acquired an agreement to cut trees. At the point when authorities showed up at the forests, the ladies held up lit lamps in wide sunlight. At the point when the forester requested that they clarify their activity, the ladies disclosed to him that they had come there to teach them forestry. At the point when the forester answered, calling them stupid ladies and found out if they knew the genuine estimation of the forests and found out if they understood what the forests bore, the ladies countered and sang in ensemble saying that the forests bore soil, water, and unadulterated air which support the Earth and all she bears. Their showing was extremely viable on the grounds that, the men society including the forester accepted that the town ladies were innocent and uninformed, yet despite what might be expected, they demonstrated that they were very proficient about the advantages of ranger service.

 

2) Why is it important to promote biodiversity-intensive farming? How did the author achieve it?

Ans: It is important to promote bio-diversity intensive farming because it advances vote based pluralism where each species gets occasions to support itself in co-activity with others and no species in a forest appropriates the portion of another species. Since inability to get biodiversity and its numerous capacities prompts an impoverishment of nature and culture, it gets basic to rehearse bio-diversity serious cultivating. The author began Navdanya Farm in 1994 in the Doon Valley where she rehearsed biodiversity-concentrated cultivating. She thinks that bio-variety serious cultivating produces more food and sustenance per section of land and subsequently bio-variety is the response to the food and nourishment emergency.

At first, she began saving seeds from ranchers' fields and today they can save and grow 630 assortments of rice, 150 assortments of wheat, and several different species.

 

3) ‘Rights of Nature’ means

a) The right of people to use nature.

b) The duty of human beings to conserve nature.

c) Preserving nature for self-protection.

Ans: b) and c) the duty of human beings to conserve nature/ preserving nature for self-protection.

 

4) What does the concept of the Earth University convey? How is this different from that of the other universities?

Ans: The concept of the Earth University implies opportunity for all species to advance inside the trap of life, and the opportunity and obligation of people, as individuals from the Earth family, to perceive, secure, and regard the privileges of different species. The Earth University situated at Navdanya, a biodiversity ranch in the Doon Valley of the Himalaya, teaches Earth Democracy. Earth University is unique in relation to different universities since it is eco-centric, while different universities are anthropocentric. Eco-centrism alludes to the arrangement of thought where the attention is on saving the current eco-system that are expected to ensure and support the trap of life on the Earth. Actually, different colleges are human-centric. They center on ensuring and supporting the life of people as it were.

 

Comprehension III

1) “Tagore saw unity with nature as the highest stage of human evolution.” Do you think consumerism and accumulation of wealth come in the way of realizing Tagore’s vision of human evolution?

Ans: Yes, without a doubt consumerism and accumulation of wealth come in the way of realizing Tagore’s vision of human evolution. Tagore solidly accepted that Indian progress discovered its wellspring of recovery – both material and scholarly – in the forests. Tagore was persuaded that India's best thoughts have come from where the man was in fellowship with trees and waterways and lakes, away from the groups. The tranquility of the forest has helped the scholarly advancement of man. The way of life that has emerged from the forests has been affected by the assorted cycles of restoration of life, which are consistently influencing everything in the forests, differing from species to species, from season to prepare, in sight, sound and smell. In this manner, the bringing together rule of life in variety, of popularity based pluralism, turned into the rule of Indian human advancement. It is this solidarity in variety that upholds natural supportability and majority rules system.

 

Actually, consumerism and accumulation neutralize the possibility of solidarity in variety and biological manageability, in light of the fact that both consumerism and accumulation of abundance are outer signs of our indecencies like ravenousness, voracity, greed, pomposity, egotism, control and abuse. These indecencies at last lead to merciless and boorish misuse of nature and cause impoverishment of nature and culture.

 

2) “The conservation of biodiversity is the answer to the food and nutrition crisis.” Do you agree?

Ans: Truly, the conservation of biodiversity is the right step to help the people overcome the nutrition crisis in light of the fact that bio-diversity chips away at the worldview of Earth Democracy and democratic pluralism wherein there is opportunity for all species to develop inside the trap of life. As individuals from the Earth family, it is the opportunity and duty of people to perceive, ensure and regard the privileges of different species. This way we bring into play the standard of value. No species in such an eco-system appropriates the portion of another species and each species supports itself in co-operation with others. Also, bio-diversity supports democratic pluralism in light of the fact that there are assorted cycles of reestablishment of life consistently impacting everything in regular eco-systems and they change from species to species and from season to prepare in sight, sound and smell. All the species live in amazing congruity. In this manner bio-diversity prepares for enhancement of the trap of life prompting plenitude.

 

3) “Conservation of biodiversity is crucial for the sustenance of both nature and human society.” Discuss.

Ans: Bio-diversity guarantees bounty, opportunity, co-activity and common giving. The Earth houses millions eco-systems and sustains bio-variety. Tagore contends that the forests have filled in as wellsprings of material and scholarly recovery since days of yore and the way of life of the forests has energized the way of life of Indian culture. The way of life that has emerged from the forests is supported by the binding together rule of life in variety and of popularity based pluralism. It is this solidarity in variety that is the premise of both natural maintainability and democracy. This is valid for both nature and culture. We are joined with nature through our relationship with the woods. No species in a forest appropriates the portion of another species and each species supports itself in co-activity with others. This solidarity in variety found in the forest should fill in as a model for human culture, else, it will prompt clash, avarice, abuse lastly to the impoverishment of our way of life. Along these lines, the protection of variety is vital for the food of both nature and human culture.