BCA Semester II
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Solved Question Paper
I. Answer the following in a word, a phrase or a sentence each (10 x1=10)
1) Who is known as father of modern chemistry?
Ans. Antoine Lavoisier is considered the father of modern chemistry.
2) What did Pavlov’s dog do when it heard the sound of the buzzer?
Ans. Pavlov noticed that his dog began to salivate whenever the dog heard sound of the buzzer.
3) Who conducted hypnotism in Paris?
Ans. Jean-Martin Charcot, conducted hypnotism in Paris.
4) How old was Marie Paulze when she married Lavoisier?
Marie Paulze was 14 years old when she married Lavoisier.
5) Which university did Heisenberg succeed Einstein?
Ans. At the University of Leipzig, Heisenberg succeeded Einstein at Berlin.
6) Who was Josef Breuer?
Ans. Josef Breuer was the friend of Sigmund Freud and Austrian physician and physiologist who was acknowledged by Sigmund Freud and others as the principal forerunner of psychoanalysis.
7) What is the meaning of the word ‘hysteria’ in Greek?
Ans. Stomach or Womb is the meaning of the word ‘hysteria’ in Greek.
8) Who defined inductive method for natural sciences?
Ans. Francis Bacon defined inductive method for natural sciences.
9) Which office did Einstein join after his education?
Ans. Einstein joined patent office after his education.
10) Who educated Rene Descartes?
Ans. Rene Descartes was educated by members of the Society of Jesus, set up by the Roman Catholic Church.
II. Answer each of the following in two or three sentences:
a) What is Cartesian theory in philosophy?
Ans. Cartesian doubt is a form of methodological skepticism associated with the writings and methodology of René Descartes (1596–1650). Cartesian doubt is also known as Cartesian skepticism, methodic doubt, methodological skepticism, universal doubt, systematic doubt or hyperbolic doubt.
b) What did Freud find about the hypnotic test used by Breuer?
Ans. Breuer didn’t accept the explanation that each one of us had a history of childhood fantasies of a sexual kind, that they all had feelings they had hidden; guilty secrets that, under psychoanalysis, come tumbling out, like dirty water from a washing-machine.
c) How did Einstein spend his time after his graduation?
Ans. After his graduation, Einstein supported himself by part-time teaching in Zurich and all the while, he read, and he thought about the problems that were exercising the minds of the greatest physicists of the day.
d) Which experiment of priestly was conducted by Lavoisier to get oxygen?
Ans. After several experiments Madame Lavoisier discovered that air had an element that had the ability of combining with hydrogen to form water. This element was oxygen referred to as dephlogisticated air' by Priestly. He recognized and named oxygen (1778) and hydrogen (1783) and opposed the phlogiston theory.
e) What different Stimuli were used by Pavlov other than the buzzer?
Ans. He tried flashing lights, the different notes of a musical instrument, a bell, and the steady tick-tack of a metronome.
III. A) Describe the contribution of Rene Descartes to the field of geometry.
Ans: La Géométrie (Geometry) is the groundbreaking work of Descartes in mathematics. It was published in 1637 as one of the appendices of Discourse on the Method. In La Géométrie, Descartes first proposed that each point in two dimensions can be described by two numbers on a plane, one giving the point’s horizontal location and the other giving the vertical location. He thus invented the Cartesian coordinate system, which forms the foundation of analytic geometry. It also provides geometric interpretations for other branches of mathematics, such as linear algebra, complex analysis, differential geometry, multivariate calculus, group theory and more. In La Géométrie, Descartes also introduced what later became the standard algebraic notation: using lowercase a, b and c for known quantities and x, y and z for unknown quantities.
DESCARTES IS REGARDED AS THE FATHER OF ANALYTIC GEOMETRY Analytic geometry, also known as Cartesian geometry after Rene Descartes, is the study of geometry using the Cartesian coordinate system. It allowed for the first time the conversion of geometry into algebra; and vice versa. Any algebraic equation can be represented on the Cartesian plane by plotting on it the solution set of the equation. Also, it allows transforming geometric shapes into algebraic equations. Analytic geometry is widely used in physics and engineering, and also in aviation, rocketry, space science and spaceflight. It is the foundation of most modern fields of geometry, including algebraic, differential, discrete and computational geometry. Analytic geometry is by far Descartes’ most important contribution to mathematics. He is widely considered as the father of analytic geometry. .
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B) Discuss the methods of Ivan Pavlov used in his experiments on dogs and the results of those experiments. Answer: - Ivan Pavlov came up with the concept of Classical Conditioning. This is when a person's or animal's old response becomes attached to a new stimulus. Classical conditioning is an example of learning. Learning is the relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience. Pavlov stumbled across classical conditioning accidentally when studying the digestive system of dogs. - Pavlov experimented with Classical conditioning by ringing a tuning fork and then immediately placing food in front of the dog. He chose the tuning fork because it was a neutral stimulus. This means it had nothing to do with the dog's response (salivating) when shown the food. A dog does not naturally salivate when it sees a tuning fork, it has to be taught to do so. After only a few trials the dog salivated when hearing the tuning fork even when no food was given. Classical conditioning had occurred. In this experiment the food was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS). This means the dog did not have to be taught or conditioned to salivate when given the stimulus (food). Food normally causes a dog to salivate. The actual salivation of the dog is the unconditioned response (UCR). The dog did not have to been conditioned or taught to salivate when seeing the food. Most UCR are reflexes. Also in this experiment the tuning fork was the conditioned stimulus (CS). The dog had to be taught or conditioned to salivate when seeing the tuning fork. The salivating of the dog due to the tuning fork was the Conditioned Response (CR). - Generalization occurs when a similar stimulus is presented like the stimulus that was conditioned. For example, Pavlov rang a bell instead of a tuning fork. The bell was similar enough to the tuning fork that the dog still salivated. - Discrimination is the ability to distinguish between two different stimuli. For example, if Pavlov pushed a buzzer and the dog didn't salivate because it was too different to get the same response as the tuning fork. - Extinction is the gradual disappearance of a conditioned response. For example, if Pavlov would have stopped feeding the dog when ringing the tuning fork, the dog would have eventually lost his conditioning.
IV. A) Give reasons why Antoine Lavoisier is called the father of modern chemistry.
Answer: Hydrogen and oxygen had been discovered before him as distinct elements, but it took until 1783 for someone to combust the former in the latter to form water. The man who did that? Antoine Lavoisier. Speaking of combustion, Lavoisier was the guy who showed the fundamental role of oxygen in that process. He also linked it to the respiratory process that allows pretty much everything on earth to live.
Ever hear of stoichiometry? Trying to figure out how much of A and B you need to put in to get some amount of C and D on the other end? That was Antoine Lavoisier. Really the first man to introduce hard measurement into what was previously known as alchemy (although it wouldn't really be fine-tuned until Dalton came up with atomic theory). The reason he was able to use stoichiometry was because of a law that you might have heard of. The law of conservation of mass (or equivalent exchange, if you're an FMA dork like I am) says that the amount of matter in a closed system is constant over time, regardless of what you do to it. That was Lavoisier, too.
Lavoisier also discovered the concept of allotropy. You know how diamond and graphite are both just pure carbon arranged in different ways? Lavoisier discovered that one.
Because of all of Lavoisier's discoveries (like the fact that water was not, in fact, an element), he found classical descriptions of the elements unsuitable for chemistry. So he invented pretty much today's inorganic chemical nomenclature system--so the reason you know HNO3 is nitric acid and HNO2 is nitrous acid is because he said so. Basically, Lavoisier earned his place as the "father of modern chemistry" because he turned what was previously a trial-and-error, qualitative science into a theoretically- framed, quantitative one.
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B) Discuss Einstein’s “Relativity Theory” with examples quoted in the text.
Answer: A train comes at you of 200m length. You take a stop watch, start it at the front and stop it at the caboose. It took 10 second to pass. You figure the speed is L/t =200/10 = 20m/s. Now about the same time a car, going 10m/s in the same direction being overtaken by the train, does the same thing (times front to back of the passing train). You think: he will see the time as 20 seconds because his relative velocity is 10m/s and t=L/v = 200/10 = 20 seconds. But he says, no, my stop watch says it took only 10 seconds. You say, your stop watch runs slow. That’s relativity, only it occurs with 300 million m/s light. Everyone sees light speed the same, even if they move relative to the source. The only way that works is if everyone’s watch runs at different speeds. Having different time speeds but the same speed of light has lots of consequences. You can measure the length of things by how long it take light to travel from one end to the other by length = v*t. But two people watching the same light-moving-down-a-pole will calculate different lengths if their clocks run at different speeds. So speed not only causes clocks to run weird, it causes lengths to appear different. An alien passing by earth at 0.8c will not see the earth as round; he’ll see a squished sphere kind of like a hamburger bun. Different time speeds mean different acceleration as well. It appears to a still person that a moving object has more mass, because it takes more force to accelerate it. (F=ma, so less “a” from the same “F” means “m” is bigger.) You do the math and find out adding energy E creates mass according to E=mc^2. And vice versa; if you reduce mass, energy is produced (hence atom bombs). Add to this topsy-turvy situation, that gravity also slows time, and you get our tricky universe of varying distances and masses and time speeds depending on your situation (velocity and gravity). High velocity = slower time; high gravity=slower time. Finally, you note that you can even explain gravity, or at least come up with the same behavior that we witness due to gravity, like things falling and planets orbiting, by seeing that the “natural” unaccelerated paths are the ones that maximize the speed of time even as objects seek areas of minimum time speed. Weird, I know, but the equations do all work out, and model all the observations we make.
V. Write short notes on any two of the following:
1) Uncertainty principle: Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle (which is not actually a principle by the way) is a property of certain physical observables in Quantum Mechanics. The theory says that each observable quantity is associated with an Hermitian operator , you can think of these operators as matrices (in most cases they actually are represented by matrices) and as you probably know, matrix multiplication is in general not commutative, in other words most of the times AB≠BAAB≠BA . This means that given two physical observables α,βα,β, their representative matrices A,BA,B will behave in a certain way under matrix multiplication and it is smart to define a quantity that keeps track of this behaviour. We choose this quantity to be the difference between ABAB and BABA and we denote it by the symbol [A,B].[A,B]. We have therefore defined the commutator of AA and BB to be: [A,B]=AB−BA[A,B]=AB−BA.
2) Rene Descartes principles of philosophy :
a) “Never to accept anything for true which I did not clearly know to be such; that is to say, carefully to avoid precipitant and prejudice, and to comprise nothing more in my judgment than what was presented to my mind so clearly and distinctly as to exclude all grounds of doubt.”
b) “To divide each of the difficulties under examination into as many parts as possible, and as might be necessary for its adequate solution.”
c) “To conduct my thoughts in such order that, by commencing with objects the simplest and easiest to know, I might ascend by little and little, and, as it were, step by step, to the knowledge of the more complex; assigning in thought a certain order even to those objects which in their own nature do not stand in a relation of antecedence and sequence.”
d) “To make enumerations so complete, and reviews so general that I might be assured that nothing was omitted.”
3) Lavoisier’s life and career:
Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier (26 August 1743 – 8 May 1794) was a French nobleman, chemist and biologist. He is often called the "Father of Modern Chemistry". His work is an important part of the histories of chemistry and biology. It also contributed to the beginnings of atomic theory. Lavoisier is most noted for his discovery of the role oxygen plays in combustion. He recognized and named oxygen (1778) and hydrogen (1783) and opposed the phlogiston theory. Lavoisier helped construct the metric system, wrote the first extensive list of elements, and helped to reform chemical nomenclature. Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent (1743–94) French chemist who founded modern chemistry. He demolished the phlogiston theory (which said that phlogiston was lost during combustion) by demonstrating the function of oxygen in combustion. He named oxygen and hydrogen, and showed how they combined to form water.
VI. A) Combine each of the following sentences into one to make it relative clause:
1) John is a wonderful piano player who plays piano.
2) He stays in this bungalow when visits the city.
3) She bought the paintings which are sold in the exhibition.
4) We were in London last week where he met us.
5) The flowers bloomed when the sun rose.
B) Complete the following conditional clauses with proper form of the verb given in brackets.
1) If you finish the work early, we can play tennis (finish, can play)
2) If they are here, they will tell you (be, will)
3) Unless you start early, you will miss the train (start, will miss)
4) If you were in London, you might see the queen (be, may)
5) Unless he pays the fine, he will not be permitted to attend the classes. (pay, will not)
VII. Make sentences of the following words showing them as different parts of speech:
i) Cover
1) The hunt reached a higher level of journalism when Betsy showed us a magazine cover story on the subject.
2) Martha made no move to cover her.
ii) Train
1) I was sent to train him, and I will complete my mission.
2) The train stops in Kansas by the looks of things.
iii) Promise
1) When I make a promise, I keep it.
2) I promise not to leave.
iv) Play
1) I love to play with little sister.
2) She turned on the play button.
v) Advice
1) This is the advice received from Adas.
2) The travel agents advised him to travel via Kuala Lumpur.
VIII. You have witnessed a motorbike accident on your way to college. Write a report of the same for local newspaper.
Anusha Banerjee
Jail Darga Road,
Vijayapur
15th July, 2020
The Editor
Times of India
Adrash Nagar
Vijayapur
Title: 2 injured in vehicle collision at Darga Road
Respected Sir,
